Akademischer Wortschatz - Seminare und Kurse

Academic vocabulary:

Word	Definition	Sample Sentence
Abundant	Present in large quantities.	Living close to a lake means we have an abundant supply of water.
Accumulate	To gradually collect.	Each fall, leaves accumulate in our driveway.
Accurate	Correct; free from errors.	Make sure your address is accurate before submitting your online order.
Accustomed	Used to something.	Having 8AM classes means I’m accustomed to getting up early.
Acquire	To come into possession of.	When my grandmother died, I acquired her cookbook collection.
Adamant	Refusing to change an opinion.	The defendant was adamant that he was innocent.
Adequate	Enough to suit your needs.	Our house isn’t big, but it’s adequate for the two of us.
Adjacent	Close to or next to.	The park is adjacent to the school.
Adjust	To change something so it serves its purpose better.	The bike seat may be too high; you’ll probably need to adjust it.
Advantage	Something that makes it easier to achieve success.	His height gives him an advantage in basketball.
Advocate	To publicly support.	My aunt is a major advocate for women’s’ rights.
Adverse	Unfavorable; against one’s desires.	I had an adverse reaction to my medication and had to stop taking it.
Aggregate	To combine.	We should aggregate our resources to share them more easily.
Aggressive	Assertive and pushy.	The salesperson was very aggressive when trying to get us to buy the television.
Allocate	To put aside for a specific purpose.	The village needs to allocate funds for building the new school.
Alternative	Another option or choice.	If the ATM is broken, an alternative solution is to stop by the bank.
Amateur	Someone who is inexperienced or not highly skilled in a particular area.	He’s an amateur soccer player and is still learning the rules of the game.
Ambiguous	Having several potential meanings; unclear and difficult to understand.	When I asked the HR manager what my chances were of getting the job, she gave me a very ambiguous reply.
Ambitious	Having large goals.	My son is very ambitious and hopes to be a millionaire by the time he’s thirty.
Amend	To change for the better; to improve.	I believe we should amend our country’s tax laws.
Ample	Plentiful.	Our new apartment has ample space for the two of us.
Anomaly	Deviation from the norm.	The basketball player is the team’s best free thrower, so his missing both shots was an anomaly.
Annual	Occurring yearly.	The annual company barbeque takes place every August.
Antagonize	To tease or be hostile towards a person or group.	The boy loves to antagonize his little sister by pulling her hair.
Attitude	Manner or feeling.	After she got grounded, the teenager had a bad attitude for the rest of the day.
Attribute	To give credit.	Be sure to attribute credit to your sources when writing a research paper.
Arbitrary	Based on a whim or random decision.	Flipping a coin is an arbitrary way to make a decision.
Arduous	Requiring a lot of effort.	After you cross the bridge, there’s an arduous walk up the hill.
Assuage	To lessen a negative feeling.	The mother assuaged her child’s fear of the dark.
Assume	To suppose without solid proof.	I assumed he was rich because he worked as a lawyer.
Augment	To increase or make larger.	She augments her regular salary by babysitting on the weekends.
Benefit	Something positive or advantageous.	A benefit of doing homework on Friday is that your weekend will be free.
Berate	To scold.	Our neighbor berated us after we broke his window playing baseball.
Bestow	To give as a gift.	The medal was bestowed upon him by the president.
Boast	To brag or talk with excessive pride.	He always boasts of his talents after he wins a game.
Boost	To help raise or increase something.	I gave him a pep talk to boost his self-esteem before his speech.
Brash	Rude and tactless.	The brash man always asked inappropriate questions.
Brief	Short (in terms of time).	It will only have a brief meeting, so you’ll still have plenty of time for lunch.
Brusque	Abrupt to the point of rudeness.	After being away for so long, I expected more than her brusque greeting.
Cacophony	A harsh, unpleasant mixture of noise.	The cuckoo clock shop lets off a cacophony every hour.
Cease	To stop.	I wish they would cease arguing.
Censure	To express strong disapproval.	Every parent in our district censured the education cuts.
Chronological	Arranged in order of time or date.	Put the historical events in chronological order to make them easier to study.
Clarify	To make clear; to remove confusion.	I didn’t understand the instructions, so I asked the teacher to clarify them.
Coalesce	To combine or grow together.	The people on the street eventually coalesced into a group.
Coerce	To force someone to do something against their will.	The young boy was coerced into stealing by his friends.
Cognizant	Being aware or having knowledge of something.	Before mountain climbing, you need to be cognizant of the risks.
Cohesion	Uniting; becoming one.	Water molecules show strong cohesion when they stick together.
Coincide	To occur at the same time.	This year Thanksgiving coincided with my birthday.
Collapse	To fall down or break down.	The old building finally collapsed, leaving nothing but a pile of rubble.
Collide	To hit one another with a forceful impact.	The two cars collided on the freeway.
Commitment	Dedication to a cause or activity.	Joining a school play is a big commitment. You’ll need to practice every evening.
Community	A group of people who live or work together.	The Chinese community in my city is hosting a New Year celebration next week.
Conceal	To hide.	The mountains concealed the ocean from view.
Concur	To agree.	He believes women should be paid as much as men, and I concur.
Conflict	A disagreement or fight.	The conflict between the two families has been going on for generations.
Constrain	To restrict or repress.	You should move your plant to a bigger pot, otherwise you’ll constrain its roots.
Contemplate	To consider thoughtfully.	I spend a lot of time contemplating what career I want to have.
Continuously	To go on without stopping.	My neighbors have been continuously blasting their music since last night.
Contradict	To give the opposite opinion.	I told the employees that sales were down, but my boss contradicted me and said sales were actually up.
Contribute	To give something (usually money or time) to a common fund or cause.	Every roommate contributes part of his paycheck to the grocery bill.
Convey	To make known.	I’ve conveyed my interest in working for that company.
Copious	Abundant.	He always takes copious notes during class to study later on.
Core	Central; of main importance.	Although many employees left the company, the core leadership remained.
Corrode	To gradually wear away.	The rust corroded the paint on my car.
Cumbersome	Burdensome; clumsy	Trying to carry four grocery bags at once was very cumbersome.
Curriculum	The courses given by a school or program.	Our school needs to add more music courses to its curriculum.
Data	Facts, statistics, or pieces of information.	The data from these graphs show that yearly temperatures are increasing.
Decay	To decline in health or excellence.	After the tree died, its wood began to decay.
Deceive	To trick or mislead.	He deceived me by pretending to be a millionaire.
Decipher	To find the meaning of.	The spy deciphered the secret code.
Declaration	An announcement.	He made a declaration to the office that he was quitting.
Decline	1. To politely refuse. 2. To deteriorate (especially in terms of health.)	1. I declined his offer of a ride home. 2. Her health has declined ever since she turned 70.
Degrade	To lower in quality.	My attempt at cake degraded into a crumbly mess.
Demonstrate	To show.	Let me demonstrate the proper way of throwing a football.
Deny	To state that something isn’t true.	He denied being the robber.
Deplete	To significantly decrease.	Your shopping sprees have depleted my savings.
Deposit	To deliver and leave an item.	Please deposit your books in the bin outside the library.
Desirable	Worth having or wanting.	Bravery is a desirable trait for firefighters to have.
Despise	To hate.	I despise early morning classes.
Detect	To locate something.	The police dog detected the missing child’s scent.
Deter	To discourage.	The warning signs on the house deterred trespassers.
Deviate	To differ from the norm.	I decided to deviate from my normal route home and took a shortcut.
Devise	To plan or create.	The coach devised a plan for winning the game.
Diatribe	A sharp criticism or attack.	The politician went into a diatribe against her opponent.
Digress	To wander from the main subject.	The teacher digressed from the lecture to discuss the weather.
Dilemma	A situation where one must choose between two difficult choices.	The student faced the dilemma of attending school sick or missing her exam.
Diminish	To shrink or reduce.	Sprinkle baking soda on the carpet to diminish the stain.
Dispose	To get rid of.	I need to dispose of this trash.
Disproportionate	Too large or small when compared to something else.	The piece of pie I received was disproportionately small.
Disrupt	To interrupt by causing a disturbance.	The protesters disrupted the politician’s speech.
Distort	To misrepresent.	The camera filter distorted the image.
Distribute	To give portions of something.	Distribute the materials evenly among the class.
Diverse	Showing a lot of variety.	This city has a very diverse population.
Divert	To cause a change of course.	Because of the accident, the police had to divert traffic down a side street.
Dynamic	Constantly changing.	The theater has dynamic shows, so you never know what you’ll see.
Ease	To reduce unpleasantness or difficulty.	This prescription will ease your allergies.
Efficient	Maximizing productivity.	Now that I’m following a schedule at work, I’m much more efficient.
Eliminate	To remove.	Our team lost the match and was eliminated from the competition.
Elite	A select, above-average group.	The elite detective team were also sent for when there were big crimes.
Eloquent	Moving speech or writing.	Her eloquent writing has gained her many fans.
Emphasize	To give special importance to when speaking or writing.	The teacher emphasized the due date of the project.
Endure	To suffer through something difficult with patience.	He has endured four knee operations so far.
Enhance	To intensify or magnify.	The falling snow enhanced the beauty of the small village.
Epitome	A perfect example of something.	The duchess is the epitome of class.
Equivalent	Equal.	Twenty-four is equivalent to two dozen.
Erroneous	Incorrect.	He apologized for his erroneous statement.
Estimate	An approximate value.	Try to get an estimate of the number of people attending the concert.
Evade	To avoid or escape.	By hiding in the bathroom, we were able to evade the intruder.
Evaluate	To assess.	At the end of the class, every student will evaluate how well the professor taught.
Evidence	Facts or information that help prove or disprove something.	These fossils are evidence of evolution.
Evolve	To gradually change.	The small school evolved into a world-class institution.
Exemplary	Worthy of imitation.	She is an exemplary student, and you should copy her study habits.
Exclude	To leave out.	The young boy was excluded from his friends’ soccer game.
Exclusive	Not admitting the majority.	We may not be able to get in since that club is very exclusive.
Expand	To increase in size.	Adding air to bike tires will cause them to expand.
Expertise	Expert knowledge or skill in a particular field.	The surgeon’s expertise is knee surgeries.
Exploit	To use selfishly.	The company exploited its workers by making them work long hours.
Expose	To reveal or unmask.	The emails presented exposed the company’s corruption.
Extension	An act of making something longer.	If you’re sick on the day the paper is due, the teacher may give you an extension on the due date.
Extract	To get or remove something.	The dentist extracted one of my teeth.
Famine	A time when there is an extreme lack of food.	Millions of children in Ethiopia died due to the famine there.
Feasible	Possible to do.	This study plan you made for me sounds feasible, even with my work schedule.
Finite	Having an end or limits.	Remember that life is finite; you’re not immortal.
Flaw	A feature that ruins the perfection of something.	I got the diamond for a reduced price since the stone had a flaw.
Fluctuate	To change continually.	I’m not sure what to wear since the temperature has been fluctuating so much.
Focus	The central point or idea.	The program is going to focus on environmental issues.
Fortify	To strengthen.	The king decided to fortify the castle walls to protect them during attacks.
Framework	A skeletal structure designed to support something.	Skyscrapers must have a strong framework to support all the floors.
Frivolous	Unnecessary; of little importance	You must stop spending your money on frivolous purchases.
Function	A purpose natural to a person or thing.	The function of petals is to attract insects to the plant.
Fundamental	Of primary importance.	Learning scales is fundamental to being a good piano player.
Gap	A space in between to objects.	Be careful to avoid the gap between the two steps.
Garbled	Communication that is distorted and unclear.	Our answering machine is so bad that people’s voices are always garbled.
Generate	To produce.	The fire generates heat, which keeps the room warm.
Grandiose	Pompous; overly important.	The actress had only one small part before she got grandiose ideas of her fame.
Hackneyed	Overused and unoriginal.	HIs poems contain many hackneyed phrases.
Haphazard	Lacking planning.	There was no schedule, so the event was very haphazard.
Harsh	Not gentle; unpleasant.	Her comments on my performance were very harsh and not kind at all.
Hasty	In a hurry.	In order to avoid the police, the robbers made a hasty retreat.
Hazardous	Full of risk.	The nuclear reactor has a lot of hazardous waste.
Hesitate	To pause, often due to reluctance.	She hesitated before entering the abandoned building.
Hierarchy	A ranking system.	In the office hierarchy, the manager is higher than the associate.
Hindrance	Something that causes delay or resistance.	Her hatred of public transportation is a hindrance when trying to get around New York City.
Hollow	Empty inside.	The dead tree is hollow.
Horror	An intense feeling of fear.	The haunted house filled me with horror.
Hostile	Extremely unfriendly.	My ex-boyfriend’s new girlfriend was very hostile towards me.
Hypothesis	An unproven idea that attempts to explain something.	You’ll need to conduct an experiment to test your hypothesis.
Identical	Exactly the same.	The twins were completely identical.
Illiterate	Unable to read.	Because he’d never been able to attend school, the man was illiterate.
Illustrate	To explain by using an example.	The professor illustrated the lesson with a personal story.
Impact	Effect or influence.	His moving words had a large impact on me.
Impair	To worsen.	Drinking alcohol will impair your driving abilities.
Implement	To carry out.	We will implement the new schedule starting next semester.
Imply	To strongly suggest.	My mother implied that I was the one who forgot to take out the trash.
Impose	To force upon.	After the riots, the mayor imposed a curfew on the town.
Impoverish	To reduce to poverty.	These medical bills are going to impoverish me.
Incentive	A reason to do something.	I hate my job, but the big paychecks are a good incentive to stick with it.
Incessant	Continuing without pause.	I can’t sleep because of the dog’s incessant barking.
Incidental	A minor part.	Don’t worry about your grade on this quiz; it’s only an incidental part of your grade.
Incite	To urge on.	The ringleader incited the soldiers to rebellion.
Inclination	A preference.	My inclination is to go to bed early.
Incompetent	Incapable; lacking ability.	The incompetent worker was fired from his job.
Inconsistent	Changing randomly.	His pitching has been very inconsistent all season.
Indefatigable	Untiring.	She is an indefatigable hiker and can walk all day.
Indisputable	Not able to be challenged.	She’s the indisputable star of the basketball team.
Ineffective	Not producing any major impact.	The drug was shown to be ineffective at curing cancer.
Inevitable	Unable to be avoided.	Even if you’re healthy, death is inevitable in the end.
Infer	To guess based on evidence.	I inferred that she was annoyed based on her body language.
Inflate	To increase in size.	Getting a promotion has really inflated his ego.
Influence	The ability to have an impact of something.	The older sister has been a positive influence on her younger siblings.
Inhibit	To hinder or restrain.	This cleaning spray inhibits the growth of bacteria.
Initial	The first.	She was the initial president of the company.
Inquiry	An investigation to determine the truth.	Congress launched an inquiry after the senator was accused of taking bribes.
Integral	Necessary to complete the whole.	You can’t quit. You’re an integral part of this team.
Integrate	To combine.	When making a cake, you need to fully integrate the wet and dry ingredients.
Interpret	To explain the meaning of something.	I need you to interpret this German speech for me.
Intervene	To come between people, objects, or an event and change what is happening.	When the toddlers couldn’t share their toys, their mothers had to intervene.
Intrepid	Fearless.	The intrepid mountain climber reached the top of Mt. Everest.
Intricate	Highly detailed.	The pattern on this blanket is so intricate.
Invasive	Intrusive.	We found the stranger’s questions too personal and very invasive.
Investigate	To examine or study.	The police are going to investigate the crime scene.
Irascible	Easy to anger.	Even though my grandfather seems irascible, he’s actually very loving.
Irony	The use of words to give a meaning opposite to their literal meaning.	“I love spending my Friday nights doing homework,” she said with irony.
Irresolute	Uncertain.	Not sure which direction to go in, he stood irresolute.
Jargon	Words specific to a certain job or group.	To be a successful doctor, you’ll need to learn a lot of medical jargon.
Jointly	Together.	The newlyweds jointly opened up a bank account.
Knack	A special talent or skill.	My brother has a real knack for solving tricky math problems.
Labor	Work or effort.	Building a house requires a lot of labor.
Lag	To fall behind.	I stayed with the front group of runners for the first few miles, but after that I began to lag.
Lampoon	To mock or ridicule.	The cartoonist lampooned the president’s speech.
Languish	To become weak; to be neglected.	During winter break, my plants languished since I was visiting my parents and couldn’t water them.
Lecture	A talk given to an audience.	The professor will give a 30 minute lecture before the quiz.
Leery	Wary.	I’m leery of taking the dark-looking shortcut.
Legitimate	Lawful.	The way he became mayor is completely legitimate.
Lenient	Merciful; less harsh.	The judge gave the criminal a lenient sentence due to his bad childhood.
Likely	Probable.	I don’t have much homework, so it’s likely I’ll be able to go out tonight.
Ludicrous	Ridiculous.	His claims about me are absolutely ludicrous.
Maintain	To continue at the same level.	She has maintained the same weight since high school.
Major	Very important.	This test is a major part of your final grade.
Manipulate	To influence, especially in an unfair way.	He tried to manipulate the results of the election.
Maximize	To increase to the greatest possible size.	The store’s goal this year is to maximize its profit.
Measure	To find the size and dimensions of something.	By measuring the tree, I found it was seven feet tall.
Mediocre	Ordinary, average.	The meal the chef made was only mediocre.
Mend	To fix.	My mother will mend the hole in my shirt.
Method	A way of doing something.	Her method for making bread takes three days.
Migrate	To move from one place to another.	Every fall, the geese migrate to Florida.
Minimum	The smallest or lowest amount possible.	You need to get a minimum of 70% on the test to pass the class.
Misleading	Giving the wrong idea.	The advertisement for the weight loss pills is very misleading since studies have shown they’re ineffective.
Modify	To change.	I need to modify my style so it looks more professional.
Morose	Gloomy, depressed.	The boy was morose after hearing he didn’t make the football team.
Negligent	Lazy, neglectful.	The negligent babysitter invited her friends over while the children were upstairs.
Nonchalant	Indifferent, unexcited.	I was hurt when my friend greeted me so nonchalantly.
Obey	To follow orders or instructions.	My dog always obeys me when I ask her to sit.
Obtain	To get.	The spy obtained the secret codes we need.
Obvious	Easily understood.	The large poster of Michael Jackson over her bed made it obvious who her favorite singer was.
Opponent	Someone on the opposite side for a game or contest.	The soccer player blocked her opponent’s shot at the goal.
Oppress	To unfairly burden.	For the past ten generations the royal family has oppressed the peasants by keeping them in poverty.
Origin	The source; where something began.	The explorers are trying to find the origin of the Nile.
Paradigm	A typical example of something.	This work of art is a paradigm of the period; you’ll see many examples of it in the museum.
Parsimonious	Frugal, stingy.	The parsimonious woman only donated a dollar to charity.
Partake	To join in.	My leg was feeling much better, so I decided to partake in the soccer match.
Partial	Preferring one option over others.	We can get strawberry ice cream, but I’m actually more partial to chocolate.
Paucity	Something existing in very small amounts; scarcity.	During the drought, the town had a paucity of fresh water.
Peak	The highest or most important point.	Winning the championship was the peak of his career.
Peripheral	Located on the side or edge.	There are some peripheral fights going on at the outdoor concert.
Permeate	To penetrate or pass through.	Let the maple syrup permeate your waffles before eating them.
Persist	To continue, especially when facing opposition.	I may have lost my last six games, but I will continue to persist trying to win.
Pertain	Relate.	How does your question pertain to the lecture?
Phase	A period or stage in a process.	In high school, I went through a phase where I only wore black clothes.
Poll	A record of opinions or votes.	The polls show that my candidate is going to win the election.
Potent	Powerful.	Only take one sleeping pill since they’re very potent.
Pragmatic	Practical, sensible.	Your boyfriend is too dramatic. I think you need a more pragmatic man.
Praise	To give approval or admiration.	The book is the best I’ve ever read; I can’t praise it enough.
Precede	To come before.	The flower girls preceded the bride when they walked down the aisle.
Precise	Exact.	When collecting data, it’s important that your measurements are very precise.
Prestigious	Having a high reputation.	Harvard is one of the most prestigious colleges in the United States.
Prevalent	Widespread.	If more people don’t start washing their hands, disease will become more prevalent.
Primary	First; most important.	Maeve’s primary goal in life is to become a doctor.
Prior	Previous or earlier.	Prior to becoming a teacher, Elena worked as a book editor.
Proceed	To continue doing something.	I’m sorry for interrupting; please proceed with your speech.
Progeny	Offspring.	The dog’s progeny all have yellow fur.
Promote	To further to progress of something.	I’m promoting this new indie movie so that more people will buy tickets to it.
Prosper	To do well.	Dave hopes his new business will prosper and make him a millionaire.
Proximity	Nearness in time or space.	The twins hated to be apart, so they bought houses in close proximity to each other.
Quarrel	Disagreement or fight; to have an argument.	Nina and her boyfriend always quarrel over money.
Range	The distance between two things, often the maximum and the minimum.	The range of ages at the concert spanned from 12 to 65.
Rank	An official position or station.	Archibald was promoted to the rank of first captain.
Rebuke	To sternly disapprove or reprimand.	After staying out too late, Grace received a rebuke from her parents.
Recapitulate	To give a brief summary.	At the end of his speech, the politician made sure to recapitulate his main points.
Recede	To retreat.	Two days after the flood, the seawater finally began to recede from our house.
Recommend	To present someone with confidence and approval.	I need to ask Mr. Smith if he’ll recommend me for this leadership position.
Reform	To make changes that improve something.	Melanie’s father is in charge of reforming to school system.
Regulate	To supervise or control a process so that it functions correctly.	Ben needs to regulate how much he eats in order to stay at a healthy weight.
Reinforce	To strengthen with added support.	The builders reinforced the house’s wooden frame with steel beams.
Reject	To say no to something that is offered.	Lydia rejected my invitation to the homecoming dance.
Release	To free; to allow to be known.	The CEO decided to release the company’s profits from last year.
Rely	To depend on.	I rely on coffee to get my through my mornings.
Reproach	To express disapproval or disappointment.	The coach reproached the players for failing to play their best.
Require	To need for a specific purpose.	The camping trip requires that every participant bring their own food and sleeping bag.
Resent	To feel bitterness or anger towards someone or something.	I’ve always resented my sister because she is my mother’s favorite child.
Resign	To give up an office or position.	Due to his declining health, the mayor decided to resign from office.
Resist	To withstand the effect of.	Resist the impulse to have ice cream for breakfast.
Resolve	To come to a firm decision.	Matt resolved to get better grades next semester by studying every night.
Restrict	To confine or keep within limits.	My doctor told me to restrict myself to one glass of wine a day.
Retain	To continue to do something or keep something.	I’ve decided to retain my normal hairstyle.
Retract	1. To draw back in. 2. To withdraw something after it’s found to be untrue.	1. I felt calmer after the lion retracted its claws. 2. After numerous errors were found, the newspaper retracted the story.
Retrieve	To bring back.	Alexis got out of the car to retrieve the ball her little brother had thrown.
Rhetorical	Used just for style or impact.	You aren’t expected to actually answer rhetorical questions.
Rigid	Stiff; unyielding.	The boys’ father was happy to see the base of the treehouse was rigid and sturdy.
Rotate	To turn.	Rotate the sculpture so I can see the other side.
Safeguard	Something that serves as protection or ensures safety.	A retirement fund is one way to safeguard your finances for the future.
Scrutinize	To very carefully examine.	The judges were looking for perfection, so they scrutinized every entry.
Section	A part of the whole.	This section of the stadium dressed completely in red.
Select	To choose.	Jane selected a blue dress to wear to the wedding.
Sequence	Things that follow each other in a certain order.	Librarians need to know how order books in the correct sequence.
Severe	1. Harsh or strict. 2. Grave, critical.	1. The robbers suffered severe consequences for stealing. 2. My uncle is currently battling a severe illness in the hospital.
Shallow	Not deep.	You don’t need to worry about getting your dress wet. The water is very shallow here.
Shelter	To protect from something harmful.	The empty barn gave the men shelter during the storm.
Shrink	To become smaller.	Hopefully this cream will cause my scar to shrink.
Significant	Important, noteworthy.	The Gettysburg Address was a significant event during the Civil War.
Source	A person, place, or thing where something was obtained.	You shouldn’t use Wikipedia as a source when writing school papers.
Sparse	Thinly scattered.	The farm was almost empty; there were just a few sparse trees here and there.
Specify	To clearly indicate which one.	You need to specify which size shirt you want before I can order it.
Speculate	To form a theory without strong evidence.	My sister loves to speculate on the private lives of celebrities.
Solitary	Alone; without others.	The hermit lives a solitary existence deep in the mountains.
Somber	Gloomy; depressing.	After losing the competition, the chess players were very somber.
Soothe	To calm or comfort.	The mother sang a lullaby to soothe her crying baby.
Squalid	Filthy and unpleasant.	The shelter was squalid and overcrowded.
Stable	Unlikely to change or fail.	We’re lucky to live in a country with such a stable government.
Stagnant	Sluggish, showing little movement.	With few new jobs created, the economy has remained stagnant for the past five years.
Strategy	A plan to reach a desired outcome.	The football team will need a good strategy to win the game tomorrow.
Subsequent	Coming after something in time.	The first king was a good ruler, but subsequent kings have all been corrupt.
Substitute	A person or thing acting in place of another.	If you don’t have sugar, honey makes a good substitute for this recipe.
Subtle	Difficult to notice right away.	Maya’s perfume was very subtle; you had to get close to her to smell it.
Sufficient	Enough to serve a particular purpose.	Make sure you have sufficient food for the camping trip.
Summarize	To briefly give the main points.	The class didn’t have time to read the book, so the professor summarized it for them.
Supervise	To oversee work or a process.	My dad didn’t think we were old enough to build the fort on our own, so he supervised us.
Supplant	To take the place of something else.	The king was supplanted by his treacherous younger brother who locked him in the dungeon.
Suspend	1. To temporarily stop. 2. To hang something from somewhere.	1. The power outage suspended the school concert. 2. The lamp is suspended from the high ceiling.
Suspicious	Having the belief that someone is doing something dishonest or illegal.	The couple became suspicious when they saw strange men removing their neighbor’s expensive electronics during the night.
Sustain	To keep going.	I stopped trying to sustain the friendship after he made fun of how I looked.
Symbolic	Serving as a symbol.	A cross is symbolic of Christianity.
Technical	Relating to a specific subject or craft.	The laptop manual is full of technical terms only a computer expert can understand.
Terminal	Situated at the end.	Everyone on the train must get off at the terminal stop.
Tolerate	To put up with.	I tolerate the rude man since he is my husband’s best friend.
Transfer	To move from one place to another.	Ben’s work is going to transfer him from Chicago to Detroit.
Transition	Changing from one state or condition to another.	The transition from student to employee can often take awhile to get used to.
Transparent	1. See-through material. 2. Easy to detect.	1. The glass vase is completely transparent. 2. Her attempt to flatter the movie star was very transparent.
Tuition	The fee for instruction at a school.	College tuition prices have gone up in recent decades.
Unobtrusive	Not attracting attention.	The prince’s bodyguards had mastered the art of being unobtrusive.
Unscathed	Unharmed.	Ian was lucky to walk away from the car crash unscathed.
Upbeat	Happy; optimistic.	Even when she’s having a bad day, my mom always has an upbeat attitude.
Unjust	Unfair.	Since I tried my hardest on the exam, I felt my teacher’s criticism of me was unjust.
Vacillate	To waver or be indecisive.	She vacillated between the two dresses before finally deciding to wear a skirt.
Valid	Just; well-founded.	The soldiers had valid concerns about the battles they’d be facing.
Vanish	To disappear quickly.	The plane vanished behind the clouds.
Vary	To be different from something else in a group.
Verdict	A judgement or decision.	The jury delivered a guilty verdict.
Vestige	A small trace of something that is disappearing or has already disappeared.	The empty castle still had a few vestiges of its former wealth.
Vial	A small container used to hold liquids.	The chemist carefully filled the vial with the bubbling solution.
Vilify	To speak poorly of; to slander.	Mark was vilified by his angry ex-girlfriend.
Voluminous	Taking up a lot of space.	The puffy wedding dress had voluminous sleeves.
Whereas	On the contrary.	I always save my money whereas my brother is constantly in debt.
Wholly	Completely.	The monk is wholly devoted to his faith.
Widespread	Occurring over a large region.	There is widespread poverty across that country.
Wilt	To droop and become limp.	Plants will wilt if you don’t water them regularly.

LIST OF PAIR OF WORDS

1. Abject: mean; miserable He is living in abject poverty.

Object: aim He has no object in life.

2. Able: one who has the quality of doing something well He is an able teacher

Capable: possessing sufficient good or bad qualities Man is capable of doing both good and evil

3. Ability: the quality of doing something well He has no ability of doing this kind of work

Capacity: the potentiality of holding or producing large amount He has great capacity for hard work.

4. About: a little more or less He is about eight years old.

Almost: nearly He was almost dead when he was brought out of the river.

5. Absolute: real, undoubted You should punish him if you have absolute proof of his guilt.

Obsolete: no longer used The obsolete equipment was put to auction.

6. Abstain: to practise self denial He abstained from smoking all his life.

Refrain: restrain oneself from some impulsive action. On hearing his fooling talk, I could not refrain from laughing.

7. Accede: agree to an opinion or proposal He acceded to my request.

Concede: admit to be true He conceded that he had been unkind to his friend.

8. Acceptance: approval The proposal met with acceptance in the meeting.

Acceptation: generally accepted meaning of a word or phrase We ought to go by the acceptation of a word or expression

9. Access: approach, admittance He is proud of his access to the education minister.

Excess: state of going beyond limits Excess of everything is bad.

10. Accept: receive with favour, to approve I accepted his invitation to dinner.

Except: to leave out from a number or whole, to omit All except Akram were present.

11. Accident: mishap He was killed in a road accident.

Incident: event, especially one of less importance than others The border incidents may lead to war.

12. Accuse: say that somebody has done wrong He was accused of theft.

Blame: fix on somebody the responsibility for something done (badly or wrongly) or not done He blamed his teacher for his failure.

13. Across: from one side to the other He swam across the river.

Along: side by side The dog was running along its master

14. Adapt: to make suitable, to adjust A clever man adapts himself to the situation.

Adopt: to take or put into practice as one's own what is not so naturally; to take voluntary as one's own child 1. Some Pakistanis have adopted western ways of life. 2. I adopted him after the death of his father. Adept: thoroughly proficient, expert He is adept in painting

15. Addition: process of adding He will be a useful addition to the staff of the college.

Edition: form in which a book is published The new edition of this book has been published.

16. Admit: acknowledged to be true I admit that he is honest.

Confess: own as a fault In the court he confessed his guilt.

17. Admission: He got admission to government college, Lahore.

Admittance: He could not gain admittance to the room.

18. Advice: counsel He acted upon his father's advice.

Advise: give counsel The father advised his son to go to the college in time.

19. Affect: to produce an effect; to impress or influence the mind or feelings

Effect: my advice has no effect on him.

20. Affection: love Parents have great affection for their children.

Affectation: pretention Cultured men dislike affectation.

21. Afflict: to do harm Milton was afflicted with blindness in his old age.

Inflict: to impose The dacoits inflicted severe injuries on him.

22. Aggravate: to increase or intensify something unpleasant, to make worse You have aggravated the situation. Irritate: to excite anger, to provoke Do not irritate him; he may lose his temper

23. Air: Fresh air is good for health.

Heir: After his death, his heirs distributed his property among themselves.

24. Alibi: a defence on the ground of having been on another place His alibi that he was out of the country was found to be true.

Excuse: apology, exemption Most students usually have some ready excuse for coming late.

25. Allusion: an indirect reference, a hint A writer should explain his allusions to books and events. Illusion: an unreal or misleading image

26. Alter: to make different without changing into something else, to modify The teacher corrected the essay and altered it a little

Altar: a place on which sacrifices are offered Sooner or later everyone has to go to the altar of death

27. Alternate: occurring by turns The post in some villages is delivered on alternate days.

Alternative: offering a choice of two things You will have to do this work; there is no alternative.

28. Altogether: completely, absolutely I am altogether ignorant of what has happened to you.

All together: all in one company We went there all together.

29. Amiable: good natured He is amiable and is liked by all.

Amicable: friendly I have amicable relations with him.

29. Amount: amount is used for weights and volumes I have still a great amount of work to do. Number: number is used with things that are countable There are a large number of books in our library. 30. Ancient: belonging to time long past I like to read ancient history.

Old: far advance din age Old people can not be so active as young people.

31. Apposite: proper Your comment was quite proper and apposite

Opposite: They bade good- bye to each other and walked away in opposite directions.

32. Appraise: estimate The accountant appraised the cost of the house.

Apprise: to inform The principal was apprised of the situation.

33.

Apprehend: anticipate with anxiety, fear As I apprehended, the situation is becoming serious. Comprehend: grasp the meaning of Before giving an answer; comprehend the question fully.

34. Artist: a person skilled in one of the fine arts He asked an artist to paint his picture.

Artiste: a professional singer or dancer Some of the leading artistes took part in the concert.

35. Ascent: an upward slope We were dead tired after climbing the steep ascent.

Assent: agreement as with a proposal The president gave his assent to the new bills.

36. Attention: act of attending Pay full attention to your studies.

Intention: aim I have no intention to go there.

37. Aural: pertaining to ear Aural aids are used in education now-a- days

Oral: by word of mouth He appeared in the oral test.

38. Averse: He is averse to criticism. Adverse: harmful, unsuitable I was angered by his adverse remarks. 39. Avocation: a hobby He is a soldier and painting is his avocation Vocation: regular employment His vocation is teaching.

40. Baleful: full of anger He looked at his eyes with baleful eyes. Baneful: dangerous Protect yourself from the baneful influence of bad company.

41. Ballet: a dance Chinese ballet is worth- seeing. Ballot: secret vote We put our ballot paper in the box.

42. Bare: naked You should not go out in the sun bare- headed. Bear: I saw a bear in the zoo.

43. Baron: a rich owner of the land At one time the barons were very powerful in England. Barren: not conducive to growth It is a barren land and nothing grows here.

44. Beach: sea shore Children were playing on the beach. Beech: a tree The beech trees look very graceful.

45. Beat: to strike Ahmed beat his younger brother. Beet: a vegetable (chokandar) Sugar is made from beet also.

46. Beneficent: kind Our is very beneficent and we like him Beneficial: useful The new health policy is beneficial to all.

47. Berth: an allotted place I reserved a berth in the Pakistan Mail. Birth: act of being born He gave dinner to his friends on the birth of his first son.

48. Beside: at or by the side of, nearby There is a park beside our house. Besides: in addition Besides this I have other evidence to prove my claim.

49. Born: He was born with a silver spoon in his mouth. Borne: past tense of bear The cost of his education was borne by his brother.

50. Brake: device for stopping the motion of a wheel The brakes of my cycle are loose. Break: to separate into parts He tried very hard but could not break the door.

51. Bridal: pertaining to a bride, a weeding Her bridal dress was worth- seeing Bridle: the head gear with which a horse is governed As I pulled at the bridle, it broke, and the horse galloped away.

52. Calendar: register of the division of a year He has bought next year's calendar Calender: a machine for finishing cloth He works in a calender factory

53. Cannon: a gun The cannons thundered in the battlefield Canon: fundamental law or principle His behaviour is against all canons of morality.

54. Canvas: a heavy closely woven cloth of flax used for tents, sails etc. These shoes are made of canvas. Canvass: to go to persons to solicit orders, pledges etc He is canvassing for the election of his friend.

55. Cast: to throw It is useless to cast pearls before swine. Caste: a division of society There is no caste system in Islam.

56. Casual: happening by chance Yesterday I had a casual meeting with him near the Post Office Causal: expressing a cause Every event in a story must have casual links.

57. Ceiling: the inner roof of a room The ceiling of this room is cracked. Roof: the top of a room This room has a tin roof.

58. Cease: stop This rice mill has ceased working. Seize: take hold of suddenly and evidently He seized the thief by the neck.

59. Cell: a narrow room He was shut up in a narrow cell Sell: They sell college books 60. Cemetery: graveyard While returning home, we passed by the cemetery Symmetry: harmony This statute has perfect symmetry.

61. Censer: a vessel for burning fuel. Sweet perfumes rose from the censer Censor: official examining publications, films The Censor Board has banned a number of foreign films.

62. Censure: to judge negatively We should censure his bad manners. Criticise: to judge either positively or negatively Do not criticize unjustly.

63. Ceremonial: about ceremony The was wearing a ceremonial dress. Ceremonious: grand, affected He is very ceremonious evening ordinary matters.

64. Cession: yielding of property or rights to another No country can allow cession of any of her provinces. Session: the sitting of a court, council The Budget Session will be held shortly.

65. Check: stop We could not stop him from going to the cinema. Cheque: a written order directing a bank to pay money He has given me a cheque for fifty rupees.

66. Childish: silly I am fed up with his childish talk. Childlike: like a child, innocent The old man is childlike in his manners.

67. Chord: a string of a musical instrument such as harp A chord of the harp broke and the music stopped. Cord: a string or small rope Please tie this cord with a cord 68. Cite: to quote, as by way of authority or proof He cited many examples to prove his point. Site: the local position of an edifice, town etc. The new site for the college has been selected. Sight: the power of seeing His eye- sight is weak.

69. Clock: The clock struck nine. Cloak: a loose outer garment, without sleeves He put on his cloak and went out.

70. Cloth: unsewn fabric We bought some cloth from the market Clothe: to dress The naked must be clothed.

71. Coarse: of rough surface This dress is made of coarse cloth. Course: direction taken The law must take its course.

72. Coma: a state of profound insensibility caused by disease, injury or poison He had been in a state of coma for three days before his death. Comma: a point (,) used in writing You have omitted a comma here; please put it now.

73. Command: order The officer commanded his men to open fire. Commend: praise His work was commended by his officer.

74. Common: shared by all members of a group This price of land is the common property of all the villagers. Mutual: reciprocally given and received By the mutual agreement they have decide to help one another in the hour of need.

75. Compare: finding likeness and differences He compares himself with Napoleon. Contrast: finding differences between things His actions contrast sharply with his professions.

76. Complement: that which fills up or completes Man and woman complement each other Compliment: a ceremonious greeting Please pay my compliments to your father.

77. Composed: made up of A cricket team is composed of eleven players. Comprise: to attain, consist of This house comprises ten rooms.

78. Compulsion: subject to force He had to sign the agreement under compulsion. Obligation: duty It is our obligation to help the poor.

79. Confidant: one who is confided in He is guided by his confidant. Confident: full of confidence I am confident of my success in the examination.

80. Confirm: to fix or establish The evidence confirmed the guilt. Corroborate: make more certain He corroborated my statement.

81. Congratulation: wish joy to I congratulated him on his marriage. Felicitate: wish joy to (a formal term) Many persons felicitated him on his promotion.

82. Conscious: He is conscious of his success. Conscientious: influenced by conscience He is a conscientious man and will always do what is right. Scrupulous: conscientious about minor things. He is very scrupulous in his business. 83. Consecutive: following one after the other in close connection I went to his house for three consecutive days but he was always out. Successive: following one after the other regardless of length and interval After three successive failures he gave up the idea of passing the examination.

84. Considerable: huge: great The fire caused the considerable loss. Considerate: caring for others He is very considerate in his dealing with others.

85. Contagious: communicable by touch Plague is a contagious disease. Infectious: caused by infect Influenza is a infectious disease.

86. Contemptible: deserving contempt His habits are contemptible Contemptuous: full of hatred His contemptuous manner is disliked by everyone.

87. Continual: repeated again and again Your continual absence from the class is not good for you. Continuous: used with actions which are not interrupted His continuous presence is necessary.

88. Corporal: belonging to the body He was given corporal punishment. Corporeal: pertaining to matter: physical Food and water are corporeal needs of man.

89. Corps: a large unit of army Two to three units of army make one corps.

Corpse: a dead body specifically of a human being He was killed in a road accident and his corpse was removed by the police

90. Correct: set right Please correct the errors in this sum.

Rectify: straighten out which is not right Some wrongs can not be rectify.

91. Council: an assembly summoned for consultation The College Council is the largest body in a college.

Counsel: advice The son listened to the counsel of his father and promised to follow it

92. Credible: reliable I do not think his statement is credible.

Creditable: deserving praise He had a creditable success in the examination.

Credulous: inclined to believe on slight evidence A credulous person can be easily deceived.

93. Cue: hint He got the cue and acted accordingly

Queue: a line Stand in the queue and wait for your turn.

94. Cure: restore to health after disease. He was cure of malaria

Heal: restore to soundness after a wound This wound will heal slowly.

95. Custom: generally accepted convention Every country has her customs. Habit: mental make up The habit of walking mile or two in the morning keeps a man healthy.

96. Diary: a notebook I keep a diary to record important events. Dairy: I have bought this butter from a dairy.

97. Deceased: dead The body of the diseased was sent to his village. Diseased: sick; ill Some people think that a diseased body has a disease mind.

98. Decided: clear cut I want your decided opinion on this issue Decisive: conclusive Three decisive battles were fought at Panipat.

99. Defective: The walls of this building are defective and may fall down any time. Deficient: Some areas of Pakistan are deficient in food.

100. Defer: to postpone The National Assembly deferred some of the bills to the next session. Differ: to have a difference I differ with you on this matter.

101. Defy: to oppose; to resist Napoleon defied the whole Europe for more than a decade. Deify: to treat as a object of extreme regard The Greeks deified their heroes.

102. Dependant: one who depends on others He had many dependants to look after. Dependent: depending The outcome of this case is dependent upon the statement of the eye – witness.

103. Deprecate: to express disapproval Every right thinking man deprecates the mean habits of flatterers. Depreciate: to lessen in price; to undervalue This house was built a long ago and has greatly depreciated in value.

104. Descent: slope While coming down the descent, his foot slipped and he fell down. Dissent: disagreement The meeting could not decide anything because of the dissent among the members. Decent: nice He is wearing a decent suit.

105. Desert: a barren region with no vegetation The Camel is called the ship of the desert Dessert: fruit etc; served after meal Dessert was served after the dinner. 106. Desirable: worth y of being desired It is desirable to have a clear aim in life Desirous: having a desire I am desirous of going abroad for higher studies. 107. Destination: goal The travelers reached their destination in the evening. Destiny: fate Destiny rules over men. 108. Device: a scheme He has thought of a new device to deceive people. Devise: invent He is trying to devise a machine for the sowing of rice. 109. Dew: moisture condensed on the on the surface of cool bodies especially at night Dew falls gently. Due: owe or owing as a right or order, debtetc. Give the devil his due. 110. Die: to cease to live The old man is about to die. Dye: to colour Some men dye their hair.

111. Disability: lack of fitness He is getting disability pension. Inability: state of being unable He expressed his inability to accompany us to to the hills.

112. Disburse: to give money The cashier disbursed the wages of the workers. Disperse: scatter The crowed disperse when the meeting was over.

113. Discriminate: Law does not discriminate between the rich and the poor. Distinguish: separate into classes. One must distinguish between right and wrong.

114. Disinterested: impartial A judge must be disinterested. Uninterested: not taking interest He went with me to the cinema but was uninterested in the movie.

115. Dose: a measured quantity of a medicine The doctor gave him three doses of medicine. Doze: a light sleep The watchman was found dozing.

116. Draft: script The draft of the summary is ready. Draught: one sip He took a draught of cool water.

117. Droop: bow The flowers drooped for the want of water. Drop: fall A cup dropped from the hand of the child.

118. Dual: double He is holding dual charge. Duel: fight between two persons under formal conditions and in the presence of the witness The days of fighting a duel are over.

119. Economic: The economic condition of Pakistan is improving. Economical: frugal We should be economical in what we spend. 120. Edible: fit to be eaten We use edible oil for cooking. Audible: loud enough to be heard His voice was hardly audible.

121. Eligible: qualified to be chosen You are eligible for this post. Illegible: can not be read His hand writing is illegible

122. Emigrant: one who goes out of a country Many English emigrants have settled in Australia. Immigrant: one comes from a foreign country Asian immigrants are maltreated in Britain.

123. Eminent: loft, distinguished by talent Allama Iqbal was an eminent poet Imminent: impending misfortune War in imminent.

124. Empire: group of countries under a single supreme authority The British Empire was the largest of all. Umpire: he acted as an umpire in the cricket match.

125. Empty: having nothing in it This glass is empty. Vacant: not occupied This house is vacant.

Employer

Employee

126. Engage: to take part She was engaged in cleaning the room. Indulge: to gratify tastes or desires He has ruined his health by indulging in drinking.

127. Enviable: worthy of being envied His health is enviable Envious: jealous He is envious of my success.

128. Essential: Food is essential for life. Necessary: unavoidable Your presence is not necessary.

129. Exceptionable: objectionable His remarks were exceptionable. Exceptional: extraordinary He is a man of exceptional qualities. 130. Excite: to move to strong emotion The children were excited by the happy news Incite: to arouse the action It is bad to incite the people to violence.

131. Excuse: overlook without punishment. Please excuse me for coming late. Pardon: free from penalty due for an offence The student begged pardon for the mischief done by him. Forgive: give up claim for revenge To err is human; to forgive is divine.

132. Except: to look for We expect him to do his duty honestly. Hope: to wish I hope to see you next Monday.

133. Explicit: definite He was quite explicit about that matter. Implicit: unquestionable The Army demands implicit obedience from its men;.

134. Expression: Her feeling found expression in tears.

Impression: effect produce don the mind His speech made a strong impression on the listeners.

135. Facility: ease The Government is giving more facilities to the students.

Felicity: bliss He is living in felicity and comfort. 136. Faction: group There are many factions among the students. Fiction: something imagined and invented Your statement is full of lies and fiction.

137. Fain: to act with willingness I would fain go to Murree Hills. Feign: to simulate He feigned madness. 138. Faint: to become unconscious She fainted on seeing the snake. Feint: a simulation She made a feint of loving the child more than its mother.

139. Fair: a carnival They went to see the village fair. Fare: The railway fares have increased.

140. Familiar: informal He is quite familiar with the facts. Intimate: associated through ties of blood, friendship He is my intimate friend. 141. Famous: renowned He is a famous poet. Notorious: noted for some bad practice He is a notorious thief. 142. Fatal: resulting in death He met with a fatal death. Fateful: decisive On the fateful night of June 6, the Indian army attacked and entered the Golden Temple, the most sacred Sikh shrine. 143. Feat: a trick The juggler showed many tricks. Feet: We must stand on our own feet. 144. Flea: an insect A flea is a small insect. Flee: to run away The enemy had to flee from the battlefield. 145. Floor: covered ground We sat on the brick floor Flour: milled grain Flour is obtained from the wheat. 146. Flower: Rose is a beautiful flower. Foul: offensive, profane Gentlemen do not use foul language. Fowl: domestic cock or hen He has built a new coop for his fowls.

147. Freedom: exemption from arbitrary control. Ina domestic country everyone has the freedom of speech and thoughts. Liberty: release from captivity He had been set to the liberty after two years in jail.

148. Funeral: Millions of people attended Quaid-i- Azam's funeral. Funereal: sad and solemn His funereal appearance mad me sad.

149. Further: advance in space, time,quantity No further action is required in this matter. Farther: a greater distance in space and time

150. Gait: manner of walking or running He walks with an awkward gait. Gate: entrance He was standing at the gate of his house.

151. Gamble: to play for money He gambled away all his money. Gambol: to frisk, to spring as in dancing The kids gamboled and played on the grass.

152. Gaol: jail The thief was sent to the gaol. Goal: destination He tried hard and won his goal. 153. Genteel: elegant, graceful She affects genteel manners to impress her guests. Gentle: refined He is gentle and will never misbehave. 154. Ghastly: horrible He killed his brother in anger and lost his sense after this ghastly act. Ghostly: relating to a spirit I saw a ghostly thing in the dark. 155. Gilt: shining surface The poor woman can not buy even the gilt ornaments. Guilt: sin His guilt came to light in the court.

156. Glass: This jar is made of glass Gloss: soft and shining appearance The rain water spoiled the gloss and shape of his shoes.

157. Graceful: elegant He looks graceful in his new dress. Gracious: abounding in grace or kindness God is gracious

158. Hail: small roundish lumps of ice He was caught in a hail storm.

Hale: healthy Even in his old age he is hale and hearty.

159. Hanged: executed The murderer was hanged on the gallows.

Hung: suspended He hung his court on the peg.

160. Heal: to cure or restore to health Your wound will heal very soon. Heel: the hind part of the human foot, shoe The heel of my left shoe is worn out.

161.

Healthy: A health man is a wealthy man. Healthful: serving to promote the health of body and mind We must take some healthful exercise daily.

162. Heard: past tense of hear L heard a noise of firing. Herd: a number of beasts A herd of cows is in the field.

163. Hew: to cut with an axe They are hewing down the trees.

Hue: form, appearance, colour The rainbow has many hues.

164. Historic: important The Prime Minister made a historic speech. Historical: pertaining to history We visited many historical places in Lahore.

165. Hoard: to store Only the enemies of people hoard grain. Horde: great number The hordes of enemy attacked the city.

166. Honorary: as an honour, without salary She is an honorary president of the ladies club. Honourable: worthy of respect The Honourable Chief Minister addressed the students of our college.

167. Human: belonging to man To err is human; to forgive is divine Humane: kind; benevolent God is humane and forgiving.

168. Ice: frozen water People use ice in hot season Snow: frozen vapours falling from the sky Snow falls on the mountains in winter.

169. Idle: without work Do not waste your time by remaining idle. Idol: an image or representation of deity The Hindus worship idols. Ideal: a standard of perfection He has an ideal character.

170. Illusion: a false appearance I have no illusion that he will mend his ways. Delusion: a fixed misconception. It is much stronger word than illusion Hitler was under the delusion that he could conquer the whole world.

171. Imaginary: unreal Your fears are unreal and imaginary. Imaginative: full of imagination He has an imaginative mind.

172. Impassable: incapable of being passed The road to Kaghan Valley becomes impassable during winters. Impossible: incapable of being passed Napoleon said that nothing was impossible in the world.

173. Imperial: royal The king addressed the parliament with full imperial dignity. Imperious: proud I do not like his imperious attitude. Impervious: impenetrable He is impervious to reason.

174. Imply: suggest or express indirectly His attitude implied that he did not trust you.

Infer: to draw conclusion I inferred from his talk that he would do some mischief.

175. Incredible: unbelievable Your cock and bull stories are incredible.

Incredulous: showing disbelief He looked at me with incredulous eyes.

176. Industrial: Pakistan is making great progress in the industrial field.

Industrious: hardworking He is a hardworking and industrious boy.

177. Ingenious: adroit, shrewd, clever He found an ingenious way to save himself. Ingenuous: open, frank, candid Be fair and ingenious in your dealing with others.

178. Injection: I bought two injections of glucose. Injunction: authoritative order On his appeal, the High Court issued an injunction order against the orders of the Government.

179. Insensible: incapable of feelings He is insensible to finer feelings. Senseless: unconscious He was hit by a speeding car and he fell down senseless.

180. Judicial: A judicial inquiry was held in the murder case. Judicious: wise He gave me a judicious advice.

181. Junction: place of meeting Lahore is a famous railway junction. Juncture: state of affairs You should act boldly at this juncture.

182. Later: He came to the meeting later than I has expected. Latter: of the two things, the one mentioned second Of riches and health, the latter is more valuable. Letter: I have received a letter from my friend

183. Less: is used to denote the degree, quantity or extent and takes a singular noun He got much with less effort. Fewer: is used to denote the number and has plural noun There are fewer flowers in this part of the garden.

184. Lessen: to decrease The doctor tried to lessen his pain. Lesson: a reading exercise for study The teacher told the boys to revise their lesson.

185. Liar: A liar has no legs to stand on. Lawyer: Quaid-i-Azam was also a famous lawyer.

186. Loath: reluctant, averse I have great love for this town and am loath to leave it. Loathe: to have extreme disgust I loathed the company of bad boys.

187. Lose: to suffer loss If you lose your honour, you lose everything Loose: not fastened, free, unattached The horse broke the loose and ran away.

188. Lovable: worthy of love. He is noble and lovable Lovely: beautiful We saw a lovely scene.

189. Luxuriant: profuse Her long and luxuriant hair flowed down her shoulders. Luxurious: given to luxury He is a rich man and lives a luxurious life.

190. Main: Write down the main idea of this poem. Mane: the long, heavy hair growing on the neck of some quadrupeds. He clutched at the mane of the horse to save himself from falling down.

191. Majority: more than half The National Assembly passed the Bill by a majority vote

Most: all but a few He spends most of his time in reading books.

192. Marry: Ahmed will marry Farzana. Merry: happy The merry birds were singing in the trees.

193. Meat: He sells meat. Meet: I could not meet my friends on my last day in the college.

Mete: to dispense properly Justice should be meted out to every one.

194. Medal: He stood first in B.A. and won a gold medal. Meddle: interfere unnecessarily Do not meddle in the affairs of the others.

195. Metal: Iron is a useful metal. Mettle: courage An army may rightly boast of the mettle and not the number of its men.

196. Miner: a worker in a mine Many miners were killed in blast in the coal mine.

Minor: inferior in importance I have made minor changes in this essay.

197. Moat: ditch The enemy could not cross the moat around a castle. Mote: a small particle of dust, etc A mote fell into his eye.

198. Momentary: temporary Do not worry it is momentary pain. Momentous: important The cabinet took a momentous decision in devaluing the currency.

199. Moral: pertaining to character He has a good character. Morale: prevailing mood The morale of our Forces is very high.

200. Necessities: things without which one can not live. You need considerable money to get the necessities of lifeas food, clothing and shelter.

Necessaries: unavoidable needs The necessaries of life are increasing day by day.

201. Notable: eminent person The notables of the town are attending the meeting.

Notorious: He is a notorious thief.

>Nominal

Nominee

202. Official: a subordinate public officer He is an honest Government official

Officious: meddlesome Do not be officious; mind your own business.

203. Oppose: set against He will oppose you in the elections

Resist: counter force If you encroach upon my rights I will resist.

204. Ordinance: a legal order The Government has issued a new ordinance. Ordnance: about ammunitions There is an ordinance factory at Wah.

205. Passable: This road is passable in summer season only. Possible: that can be done Please come back as quickly as possible.

206. Patrol: to go round for watching He is on patrol duty these days. Petrol: gasoline I met him near the petrol pump.

207. Pattern: excellent example; model He is a pattern of all the virtues. Patron: Our principal is patron chief of college magazine.

208. Persecute: to afflict In occupied Kashmir, the Indian army is persecuting the Muslims. Prosecute: to institute a legal suit Trespassers will be prosecuted.

209. Plain: simple, clear He is a plain and honest man.

Plane: a tool for smoothing wood He smoothed the top of the table with a plane.

210. Populace: ordinary public, masses The populace demands speedy reforms.

Popular: liked and admir He is very popular among the students. Populous: thickly populated Lahore is a populace city.

211. Pore: a minute opening in the skin There are innumerable pores in human skin

Pour: to give or come forth freely It never rains but pours.

212. Practicable: possible Your plans are not practicable.

Practical: engaged in practice A practical man does not lose heart in the face of difficulties.

213. Practice: effort Practice makes a man perfect. Practise: t assay One should practise what one preaches

214. Pray: He went to the mosque to pray. Prey: a victim A simpleton falls and easy prey to a cheat.

215. Precede: to occur before Eid-ul-Fitr precedes Eid-ul- Azha. Proceed: to move forward Kindly proceed to the next page.

216. Prescribe: to suggest Doctors should prescribe the antibiotics with care.

Proscribe: to ban The Government proscribes indecent books.

217. President: He is the president of College Debating Club.

Precedent: taken as an example, rule for what comes later Please find out a precedent for what you want me to do.

218. Principal: main, chief Our principal is on leave. Principle: He will not go against his principles.

219. Profit: gain He has made a huge profit this year, Prophet: Hazart Muhammad (PBUH) is the last prophet of God.

220. Prophecy: power of telling what will happen in future He has the gift of prophecy Prophesy: foretell He has prophesied that war will break out in the near future.

221. Quite: His answer was quite right. Quiet: silent He kept quiet for along time.

222. Rain: the rivers are in flood because of heavy rains. Rein: the strap of the bridle He pulled the rein and the horse stopped. Reign: the time during which a sovereign rules Sher Shah Soori carried out many reforms during his reign.

223. Raise: lift up He raised his hands in respect. Raze: destroy completely especially making it level with the ground The city was raised to the ground by an earthquake.

224. Respectable: a good social position He is a respectable citizen. Respectful: showing respect He is respectful to his elders.

225. Right: not mistaken or wrong Your answer is not right. Rite: ceremony, a ritual In Pakistan every one is free to perform his religious rities.

226. Role: part He played his role in the play very well Roll: list The teacher took the roll- call.

227. Root: This tree has deep root. Rout: utter defeat The enemy was put to rout Route: the course or way to be travelled Many buses ply on this route.

228. Sail: The sails of the ship filled with air.

Sale: This house is for sale

229. Scene: something viewed We were fascinated by the beautiful scene.

Seen: I have not seen him for a long time

230. Sensible: just, proper He gave a sensible opinion.

Sensitive: quick of feeling He is very sensitive to heat and cold

231. Sensual: given to bodily pleasures We should control our sensual desires.

ensuous: regarding human senses Keats is a master of sensuous description.

232. Soar: rise Prices soared during the war.

Sore: irritate, touchy He is very sore about his defeat.

233. Sociable: companionable He is very sociable and friendly.

Social: pertaining to society He is a social worker and helps the needy.

234. Soot: black smoke Sweep the soot out of the chimney

Suit: dress I have one winter suit only.

Suite: set of rooms Many suites in the hotel are reserved for the delegates.

Sweet

Sew

235. Soul: He put his heart and soul in his work.

Sole: single He is the sole owner of this factory.

236. Spacious: wide Our college has a spacious hall.

Specious: apparently right or proper We were deceived by his specious arguments.

237. Stationary: not moving, fixed The earth is not stationary, it moves round the sun

Stationery: articles as paper, pen etc He went to the stationery shop and bought some papers.

238. Storey: I lived in the upper storey of this house.

Story: We read an interesting story today.

239. Straight: This road leads straight to our College.

Strait: narrow passage of water connecting two seas The ship is sailing through the straits of Gibraltar.

240. Team: Our hockey team won the match.

Teem: the river teems with fish.

241. Temporal: worldly A ruler has temporal power.

Temporary: transient He is working against a temporary post.

242. Tenor: trend The peaceful tenor of his life was broken by the death of his young son.

Tenure: period for which anything is held The tenure of this post is three years.

243. Urban: pertaining to city There is a great need for urban development

Urbane: cultured He is a polished and urbane man.

244. Vain: devoid of real value; useless He tried hard but in vain

Vein: a blood vessel that carries blood to the heart Human body has a network of veins.

245. Vale: a valley The world is a vale of tears

Veil: a mask Many women cover their faces with veil.

246. Veracity: truthfulness The veracity of his affidavit was challenged in a court of law.

Voracity: greed in eating He is a rich man but his voracity for more wealth is insatiable.

247. Verbal: oral Avoid verbal translation.

Verbose: full of words His style is verbose

Oral: He gave me your oral message.

248. Vine: France is famous for vine trees.

Wine: alcoholic drink Wine is unlawful in Islam.

249. Virtual: for practical purposes though not in name Heads of many democratic countries are virtual dictators.

Virtuous: pious She is respected for being noble and virtuous.

250. Wages: pay given for labour at short intervals The factory workers are agitating for an increase in their wages.

Salary: pay given for services at regular intervals The Government has increased the salaries of her employees.

251. Waist: As he was crossing the stream, the water reached up to his waist

Waste: We should not waste the time of our friends.

252. Waive: to remove The Government waived the age limit in his case.

Wave: The sea waves seemed to be dancing in the sun.

253. Way: There is no easy way to success.

Weigh: Weigh your luggage on the scale.

254. Weak: He has become weak because of illness.

Week: There are seven days in a week.

255. Whether: if I do not know whether he will come or not.

Weather: Today the weather is fine.

256. Wilful: obstinate He is so wilful that he does not listen to anyone's advice.

Willing: ready to do He is a willing worker and is liked by all.

257. Womanish: like woman He is womanish in his habits.

Womanly: like a woman She is truly a womanly woman.

258. Wreak: to inflict He is determined to wreak vengeance on his enemies. Constant worry wrecks one's nervous system.

259. Yoke: wooden frame to join oxen for drawing a plough The oxen broke the yoke and ran away. Yolk: the yellow part of the egg The yolk of the egg is rich in food value.

260. Zealot: one who has excessive devotion to a cause Zealots do not compromise

Fanatic: one who is extremely and unreasonably devoted to a cause It is useless to argue with a fanatic

Devotee: an ardent partisan; a votary As men grow older they become devotees of religion.