Pisanje objektivnih sastava na engleskom jeziku
Pri pisanju objektivnih sastava koriste se različite ulazne informacije:
0. Pisani tekst
1. Lekcija, predavanje ili prezentacija
2. Pisani tekst i lekcija
3. Vizuelni materijal
4. Pisani tekst i vizuelni materijal
5. Multimedijalni materijal
6. Pisani tekst i multimedijalni materijal
INPUT 0: Written text
Glaciers
Glaciers and ice sheets are specific territories on the Earth that exhibit special, very hard conditions. There are different life forms throughout the world, however none of them was proved to be able to survive in such conditions. These life forms would be required to thrive under the constant disturbance of limiting factors.
The first limitation factor is temperature. Glaciers and ice sheets tend to have almost the lowest temperatures on the Earth. Every organism would collapse due to such impact.
Second factor that prevents the existence of organisms on glaciers and ice sheets is lack of food. Organisms couldn't find food there and thus they would easily demise. A number of scientists have tried to prove the theory that this kind of life is possible. However every one of them failed. They took a vast sample of the glaciers and ice sheets and tried to discover some life under the microscope. Through their diligent and careful examination they found absolutely nothing.
INPUT 1: Lecture
INPUT 2: Written text and lecture
INPUT 3: Visualization, infographic
Sample answer
Predicting data
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Sample answer: The pie chart shows that there are four main causes of farmland becoming degraded in the world today. Globally, 65% of degradation is caused by too much animal grazing and tree clearance, constituting 35% and 30% respectively. A further 28% of global degradation is due to over cultivation of crops. Other causes account for only 7% collectively. These causes affected different regions differently in the 1990s, with Europe having as much as 9.8% of degradation due to deforestation, while the impact of this on Oceania and North America was minimal, with only 1.7% and 0.2% of land affected respectively. Europe, with the highest overall percentage of land degraded (23%), also suffered from over-cultivation (7.7%) and over-grazing (5.5%). In contrast, Oceania had 13% of degraded farmland and this was mainly due to over-grazing (11.3%). North America had a lower proportion of degraded land at only 5%, and the main causes of this were over-cultivation (3.3%) and, to a lesser extent, over-grazing (1.5%). Overall, it is clear that Europe suffered more from farmland degradation than the other regions, and the main causes there were deforestation and over-cultivation |
INPUT 4: Written text and visualization
INPUT 5: Multimedia
INPUT 6: Written text and multimedia
PRACTICE MATERIALS
Benefits of:
ONLINE LEARNING
OWING A PET
COMMERCIAL FISHING
DOING SPORTS
ELECTRIC CARS
ECONOMIC GROWTH
Ecology- Commercial fishing
Firstly, commercial fishing satisfies the world’s demand for seafood. Since the population is rapidly rising, there are increasingly more hungry mouths. Moreover, the pacific countries use fish instead of the meat, so the need is even greater. However, the population of fish is decreasing because they are taken away faster than they can reproduce. As a result, some edible species are becoming extinct, leaving us with even greater famine.
Secondly, commercial fishing reflects well on the world economy. It opens more working spaces and increases the BDP. On the other hand, it inhibits the progress of local fishers who can not compete with superior boats. As a result, many families are left impoverished and hungry.
Thirdly, safer boats are used in commercial fishing. Since they are bigger and stronger than the ordinary fishing boats, the crew is safe and no unnecessary casualties are made. Nevertheless, these ships are great pollutants. Their disposal of fossil fuels in the sea contributes to the creation of the dark spots, areas where no organism can survive.
Globalisation
Firstly, globalisation increases economic growth. By exchanging goods internationally, every country that participates in globalisation can develop and financially progress. On the other hand, the richest countries are profiting the most, so this can lead to increased monetary gap between developed and poor countries.
Secondly, globalisation increases cultural awareness. Through exchanged cultural goods and social platforms, the number of people understanding and appreciating other cultures is increasing. This leads to mutual reverence between nations and increased creativity in artists. However, globalisation also leads to cultural homogeneity. As a result many cultures are evaporating and humanity is moving towards monoculture.
Thirdly, technology and developments are spread more easily across the continents. Major companies, such as Apple and Amazon, export their goods in other countries allowing them to enjoy newest inventions. Nevertheless, globalisation puts more power in the hands of multinational corporations. Smaller businesses as they can not compete with rapidly growing companies declare bankruptcy. As a result many people are becoming poor and miserable.
Building the new factory
The positive side of factory building is industrial growth. Production is rising, and consequently more goods are sold. This benefits local residents, because it brings money to the community. This way, living standards are rising and inhabitants' lives are becoming more convenient. Also, the new factory opens new working spaces. Accordingly, unemployment is declining and even more money is made. Also, new residents are settling in the area, and as a result the community is growing. Factories can turn poor urban areas into developed and significantly upgrade residents’ lives. On the other hand, there are some disadvantages factory construction brings. Firstly, factories bring enormous pollution to the area. They pollute the water by emitting harmful gases to the atmosphere. Carbon-dioxide, essential part of those gases, creates the greenhouse effect, which is a main factor of global warming. Also, some compounds of emitted gases acidize the rain. Acid rain contaminates the water and soil, and destroys historical monuments. Also, chemical spills and toxic waste additionally contribute to pollution. As a result, the health of people and local flora and fauna is jeopardized. Secondly, factories are producing a great amount of noise. This disturbs inhabitants and animals. People are unable to fulfill their obligations properly and animals are running away in order to find calmer environments.
Colonizing asteroids
The idea of colonizing asteroids has long been a topic of fascination and speculation in science fiction and popular culture. In recent years, however, the idea of asteroid colonization has become more realistic and feasible, thanks to advances in technology and space exploration. There are many potential benefits to colonizing asteroids, and these benefits make the pursuit of asteroid colonization a worthwhile endeavor. One of the most obvious benefits of asteroid colonization is the scientific potential. Asteroids provide a unique environment for scientific research due to their small size, low gravity, and lack of atmosphere. Research conducted in these environments could provide valuable insights related to many different academic fields. Not only that, but asteroids could also serve as stepping stones for future missions to other destinations in the solar system, such as Mars or the moons of Jupiter and Saturn. Another benefit of asteroid colonization is the potential for economic growth and development. Natural resources mined on asteroids could create new industries and job opportunities, which would generate significant revenue for both governments and private companies. Asteroid mining could also reduce the need for resource extraction on Earth, which could help to preserve our planet’s natural environment. In addition to economic benefits, asteroid colonization could also have important implications for the long-term survival of humanity. Asteroids could serve as potential refuge for humans in the event of a large-scale disaster on Earth, such as an asteroid impact or a nuclear war. Even if such a disaster doesn’t occur, asteroids could provide valuable information regarding the origins and evolution of the solar system, and how life emerged here in the first place.
Peregrine falcons
The peregrine falcon is an iconic species of bird known for its impressive hunting abilities and aerial acrobatics. These birds are found on every continent except Antarctica, but their populations have declined in some areas due to a variety of factors. Here are three ways to increase peregrine falcon populations. First, we can protect nesting sites. Peregrine falcons require specific types of nesting sites in order to reproduce successfully. These sites are often found on cliffs or tall buildings, and can be disrupted or destroyed by human activities such as construction or development. It is possible to work with landowners or developers to protect these sites from destruction or disturbances. By protecting these sites, we can help ensure that peregrine falcons have the space they need to nest and raise their young. Another method is to control the populations of predators of the falcons. Peregrine falcons are extremely vulnerable to predation, especially when they are young and unable to defend themselves. By controlling the populations of predators that prey on them, such as other birds of prey or mammals, we can help protect the falcons and increase their chances of survival. This could include using non-lethal methods such as deterrents or repellents to keep predators away. In some cases, it may also be necessary to relocate predators to areas where they are less likely to come into contact with peregrine falcons. Finally, we can rehabilitate injured or sick falcons. Peregrine falcons can become injured or sick due to a variety of reasons, including pollution, disease, or human interference. By rehabilitating these birds and releasing them back into the wild, we can help boost peregrine falcon populations and give them a second chance at life.
Paradox of choice
Many people believe in a phenomenon called the paradox of choice. Basically, this is the idea that having too many options to choose from is a bad thing because it can lead to feelings of anxiety and indecision. However, there are several reasons why having many options to choose from can actually be a good thing.First, having a large number of options makes our lives easier by helping us find goods and services that best fit our needs and preferences. In today’s world, there is a vast array of products and services available, and this abundance of options means that there is likely to be something that perfectly meets our needs, whether we are looking for a new car, a vacation destination, or even just a haircut. Since we have many options to choose from, we are less likely to regret our ultimate choice.Second, the availability of many different choices promotes innovation and progress. In a world with a limited number of options, people may be content with what is available and may not see the need for change. On the other hand, when there are many options to choose from, people are more likely to seek out new and better alternatives. Over time, this forces companies and individuals to create new products and services that differentiate themselves from their competition.Finally, having many choices increases our personal growth and development. This is because it challenges us to think deeply about our values and priorities. By evaluating a wide range of options, we learn more about ourselves and what is really important to us. This can lead to personal growth and development, as we become more self-aware and better able to make decisions that align with our values and goals.
The Phoenicians
The Phoenicians were an ancient civilization that emerged in the eastern Mediterranean around 1500 BCE. They were known for their seafaring skills and played a significant role in trade and commerce. While some historians have suggested that the Phoenicians may have circumnavigated (sailed all the way around) Africa, there are several compelling reasons why this is unlikely.Firstly, the Phoenicians mostly used their ships to trade along coastal areas. While they were skilled sailors, their ships were not designed for long-distance voyages in the open ocean. They were small and made of wood, with limited room for cargo and navigational equipment. It is doubtful that these ships could have withstood the powerful currents and storms that would have been encountered on a voyage all the way around Africa.Secondly, the geography of the African continent would have presented significant obstacles to any sailors attempting to navigate it. The Cape of Good Hope, located at the southern tip of Africa, is notorious for its strong currents and unpredictable weather. Even modern-day ships must be very careful when passing through this region. Given the limited navigational equipment available to the Phoenicians, it is unlikely that they would have attempted to cross these dangerous waters.Finally, there is no real historical evidence to suggest that the Phoenicians ever completed this journey. All surviving records from the era indicate that they were primarily interested in establishing trade routes and colonies in the Mediterranean and Red Seas. There are no surviving records or artifacts that clearly prove that the Phoenicians ever attempted to circumnavigate Africa.
Late Bronze Age Collapse
For hundreds of years, several civilizations flourished in the Eastern Mediterranean region. However, around the end of the twelfth century BCE almost all of these civilizations suddenly collapsed. Historians call this event the Late Bronze Age Collapse. The suddenness and mysteriousness of this collapse have given rise to a few theories about what actually caused it.One of the leading theories suggests that climate change was a significant factor in the collapse. It is possible that climate change caused a long period of drought and famine, which negatively affected agricultural production. This, coupled with earthquakes and other natural disasters, could have led to widespread food shortages and migration away from impacted areas. The combination of all these factors may have weakened the governments of the area, making them extremely vulnerable.Another theory suggests that the collapse occurred when a group of seafaring pirates called the “Sea Peoples” invaded the region. The Sea Peoples came from outside of the Mediterranean and were known for their advanced sailing technology and military tactics, advantages which allowed them to raid and plunder coastal cities and settlements. The attacks of the Sea Peoples may have disrupted trade routes and slowly weakened the militaries of the local civilizations. A third theory suggests that the collapse was caused by the instability of the political and economic systems of all Late Bronze Age civilizations. Empires of the time were highly centralized and wealth and power were almost entirely in the hands of a few elites. This may have created social and economic inequalities that eventually led to widespread dissatisfaction and rebellion. The inability of the governments of the time to deal with these factors may have ultimately led to their collapse.
Olive trees
Olive trees, which are a critical component of Mediterranean agriculture, are threatened by a bacterium which causes a disease called quick decline syndrome (QDS). This bacteria can quickly destroy the trees and has already devastated entire olive groves in Italy and Spain. There are several methods to protect olive trees from QDS, but the following three are widely considered to be the most effective.Early detection of the bacteria is critical to preventing the spread of the disease. Farmers should regularly inspect their trees and look for signs of disease, such as yellowing and withering leaves, dying branches, and slow growth. If a tree shows signs of infection, it should be immediately removed and burned to prevent the spread of the bacterium to other trees. The government and agricultural organizations can also play a significant role in early detection by encouraging farmers to take part in this strategy.Promoting the overall health of olive trees is another effective strategy to prevent the spread of the bacteria. Trees that are in good health are better equipped to resist infections and recover from diseases. Proper irrigation, fertilization and trimming are all essential for promoting tree health. Farmers can also plant saplings that have shown some genetic ability to resist Xylella this disease.Since the bacteria is transmitted to olive trees by sap-sucking insects, mainly the spittlebug, reducing the populations of such insects is crucial in controlling the spread of the disease. The most effective method farmers can use to control insect populations is spraying chemical insecticides. An additional strategy is to introduce natural predators of the insects, such as ladybugs, lacewings, and wasps, which can help reduce their populations over time.
Living on the Moon
The idea of living on other planets has captivated humanity for centuries, with the moon being an especially attractive destination. While the idea of a permanent human settlement on the moon is tantalizing, it is likely to remain unattainable for now. Despite the remarkable progress made in space exploration, numerous difficulties persist.The moon’s environment presents a multitude of challenges for sustaining human life. Unlike Earth, the moon lacks a substantial atmosphere, which means people living there would be vulnerable to meteoroid impacts and solar radiation. Overcoming these hazards would require extensive advancements in radiation shielding and meteoroid defense systems far beyond our current level of technology. It might take decades to reach a level that would make a permanent human settlement on the moon sufficiently safe.Another crucial obstacle is the scarcity of essential resources on the moon. The moon lacks resources that sustain life on Earth such as breathable air and fertile soil. Without these things, maintaining a permanent human settlement would be difficult. For instance, transporting large quantities of vital supplies like water and soil from Earth to the moon would be an incredibly expensive process. It is unlikely that nations on earth will want to take on this cost in the near future.Beyond these challenges, the psychological and social implications of a permanent lunar settlement cannot be overlooked. Humans are inherently social beings, and isolation on the moon for extended periods could have detrimental effects on our mental health and interpersonal relationships. The absence of natural ecosystems, changing landscapes, and the artistic experiences common on Earth would likely lead to feelings of monotony, disconnection, and psychological distress among the lunar inhabitants. These feelings could endanger the entire settlement.
Machu Picchu
Machu Picchu is a 15th-century Inca citadel situated in the Andean Mountains of Peru. This ancient site has puzzled historians and archaeologists for centuries, with many theories proposed as to its purpose. Over the years, archaeologists have put forth three possible reasons for the construction of Machu Picchu.One possibility is that Machu Picchu was built as a permanent royal estate for the Inca emperor, Pachacuti. As the ruler of a major empire, Pachacuti would have needed a luxurious and impressive residence. Located at the top of a mountain, with breathtaking views of the surrounding landscape, Machu Picchu would have been an ideal location for such a residence. Anyone coming to meet with the emperor would have been impressed by his apparent power and wealth. This feature might have helped him to maintain his rule over the people of the region.Another theory is that Machu Picchu was built as a ceremonial and religious center. The Inca were a deeply religious people, and their empire was filled with temples and shrines dedicated to their gods and goddesses. It is possible that Machu Picchu is just another shrine, albeit a very large one. With its impressive stonework and intricate carvings, it may have been built as a sacred site for religious ceremonies and rituals.A third possibility is that Machu Picchu was built as a defensive fortress. Located at the top of a mountain and surrounded by steep cliffs, the site would have been very difficult to access, but easy to defend. This strategic location, combined with the strong walls and terraces of the citadel, would have made Machu Picchu a perfect military stronghold. Invading armies would have found it a very challenging target. Consequently, in times of invasion or domestic unrest, the Inca armies could have retreated to the fortress for safety.
REM sleep
REM (Rapid Eye Movement) sleep makes up about 20% of our overall sleep cycle, and is the stage of our sleep when most of our dreams occur. Its significance in human well-being has attracted a lot of attention in scientific research over the past few decades. This unique part of the sleep cycle benefits our physical and mental health in three important ways.Firstly, REM sleep is closely associated with brain functions such as learning and memory. During this kind of sleep, several parts of the brain experience high levels of activity. Studies suggest that this activity helps us process and organize information acquired throughout the day and contributes to the formation of long-term memories. Individuals who consistently achieve sufficient REM sleep are often better equipped to retain new information, have better problem-solving skills, and exhibit improved overall intellectual performance.Secondly, REM sleep is critically important to emotional well-being and mood regulation. The dreams we experience during REM sleep help the brain to process and make sense of emotions experienced while we are awake. Dreams serve as a form of emotional release and a mechanism for coping with unresolved issues. Adequate REM sleep has been linked to reduced stress levels, lower anxiety, and an overall more positive mood. Disruptions in REM sleep, on the other hand, may contribute to emotional instability and an increased likelihood of depression and other mood disorders.Additionally, REM sleep is necessary to maintain a healthy balance between time spent sleeping and time spent being awake. This is because REM sleep contributes to the regulation of our internal clock. Over time, this ensures that we get just enough sleep to optimize our energy levels, and enhance our overall functioning. Likewise, it prevents us from oversleeping, which could interfere with our daily lives.
The Cave of the Hands
The Cave of the Hands, found in the mountains of southern Argentina, is an archeological site that has attracted attention from scholars for many years. The cave’s fame comes from the vibrant handprints found inside, some of which were created more than nine thousand years ago. While the exact reasons these handprints were created remains a mystery, there are several theories.Firstly, the handprints in the Cave of the Hands may have served as an early form of written communication, similar to an alphabet. Handprints of different sizes may have been used to convey distinct concepts, and further meaning could have been communicated through their arrangement. In this way, the handprints might have told stories about families, climate changes or even significant events in the lives of the ancient inhabitants. Secondly, the handprints could have had religious significance. The act of leaving handprints on the cave walls could have been part of ceremonies connected to spiritual beliefs and the cave’s secluded location might have given it some religious significance, creating a space visited by people seeking spiritual fulfillment. Many ancient cultures integrated art into their religious or ceremonial practices, and the Cave of the Hands may have been no exception.Lastly, the handprints may have served a practical purpose related to hunting. The cave is quite close to areas where evidence of hunting has been found, and the handprints might have been a way for the community to make a record of successful hunts or even celebrate the collective efforts of the whole group. Prehistoric people all over the world are known to have used art to make records of group activities before the development of written language.
Volcanic Building Materials
In recent years, the use of volcanic rock in the construction of homes has gained attention due to its numerous advantages. This natural material, formed from volcanic lava, offers significant benefits that make it an excellent choice for building. First, volcanic rock is renowned for its exceptional durability. Unlike conventional building materials such as concrete and wood, volcanic rock is highly resistant to weathering, erosion, and natural decay. Its robust nature means that structures built with volcanic rock can withstand harsh environmental conditions, including extreme temperatures, heavy rainfall, and high winds, without deteriorating over time. This durability reduces the need for frequent repairs and replacements, making volcanic rock a cost-effective option in the long run.In addition, the porous nature of volcanic rock enables it to trap air within its structure, providing an excellent source of natural insulation. This helps to maintain a stable indoor temperature, keeping homes warm in the winter and cool in the summer. As a result, homes constructed with volcanic rock require less energy for heating and cooling, leading to lower utility bills and a reduced carbon footprint. This energy efficiency is particularly advantageous in regions with extreme climate conditions.Finally, using volcanic rock in construction has notable environmental benefits. The extraction and processing of volcanic rock is more environmentally-friendly than the production of other building materials. Moreover, volcanic rock is abundant and often found locally, reducing the need for long-distance transportation and associated carbon emissions. Its use can contribute to more sustainable construction practices and support the growing demand for eco-friendly building solutions.
New light bulbs
Compact Fluorescent Lightbulbs (CFLs) have been a popular choice for energy-efficient lighting over the past few decades. However, there is a growing debate about whether they should be banned due to various concerns. Supporters of a ban argue that CFLs pose significant environmental and health risks, as well as economic drawbacks.First, CFLs contain mercury, which is a highly toxic substance that can be harmful to both humans and wildlife. When CFLs break or are improperly disposed of, mercury can be released into the environment, contaminating both the air and local water sources. This contamination poses serious and irreversible health risks, including brain damage and other health issues. According to recent studies, the risk of health problems from mercury exposure is especially high for pregnant women and young children.Second, while CFLs were the best choice in the past, they have been surpassed by newer lighting technologies such as Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs). Newer light bulbs can be used for much longer periods of time before they need to be replaced. In certain cases, they can be used for years longer than CFLs. The longer lifespan of new types of bulbs means they need to be replaced less frequently, leading to less waste and lower long-term costs for consumers.Finally, CFLs are quickly becoming incompatible with new environmentally-friendly technologies that are often installed in buildings nowadays. In particular, CFLs integrate less efficiently with smart energy systems that are designed to reduce power consumption. Consequently, their continued use limits the potential for energy savings in modern homes and businesses. Banning CFLs would pave the way for wider use of smart lighting technologies which make buildings more energy-efficient.
Final materials
Owning a pet
Pet brings love and positive feelings. However, because of the love, losing can bring misery and pain.
When you have a pet you have someone to play with and have fun. On the other hand, owning an animal requires much work and obligations.
Finally, a home with a pet is always cheerful and alive. Nevertheless, there is never silence when you need it.
Glaciers
In these materials we read and heard something about the existence of life forms on glaciers and ice sheets.
Firstly, in the reading material we learned that the temperature in these places are too low to sustain any form of life. However, in the listening part the professor explained that there are some microorganisms that can survive these harsh conditions due to some physical adaptations.
Secondly, in the reading part we read that no living organisms can find nourishment in those conditions. On the other hand, in the listening part we learned that some organisms produce food through photosynthesis for themselves and consequently for other species.
Thirdly, in the reading material it is claimed that in a large number of various researches no life was found under the microscope. Nevertheless, the professor in the listening part argued that some recently conducted experiments with the assistance of microscopes proved the existence of life on both glaciers and ice sheets.
Online learning
In these materials we read and heard something about online learning. There are some opposite claims in both materials. First point of disagreement is time. While in the reading part it is written that students do not waste their time when learning online, in the listening part the lecturer said that this time is sometimes misused when students are not focused or they are not even present in front of their computers. Secondly, in the reading we read that evaluation and testing of students is more objective. However, the lecturer said that some students could rewrite from other students or even someone else could do the task for them. Finally, it is written that a lot of resources are available. On the other hand, in the listening part it was said that students do not use other resources or they do not even exchange the ideas with other students.
Working in groups
In these materials we read and heard something about working in group. There are some opposite claims in both materials.
Firstly, in reading we read that working with others give possibility to hear more different solutions and ideas for some problem and understand things from different angle. However, the lecturer said that some people need to work and understand at different speeds than the others. Thus, there would not be good exchange of ideas.
Second point of disagreement is efficient of working in group. While in the reading part is written that working in group is more efficient and interesting, in the listening part a lecturer said that sometimes people won’t find agreement for solving some problem. That will slow down job and make conflicts among associates.
Finally, it is written that everyone more like to work in group. On the other hand, in the listening part it was said that quiet people may not feel comfortable and they won’t make their full potential.
Moai Island
The reading and the lecture are both about the Moai of Easter Island. The author of the reading believes that the construction of the Moai led to the collapse of the civilization located there. The lecturer casts doubt on the claims made in the article. She thinks that the society on the island did not suffer as a result of the construction of the Moai. First of all, the author claims that the people of the island cut down vast amounts of valuable trees in order to build the statues. He notes that the Moai were moved across the island using wooden tracks and log rollers. This point is challenged by the lecturer. She says that islanders used a series of ropes to walk the statues to their intended locations. Furthermore, she points out that this method did not require any trees and has even been replicated by teams of modern researchers. Secondly, the author states that eventually every tree on the island was cut down. He argues that without any trees, migratory birds stopped visiting the island and the people were no longer able to feed themselves. This argument is rebutted by the lecturer. She suggests that palm seeds that date from the time period show evidence of having been chewed on by rats. She elaborates on this by mentioning that the original inhabitants of the island brought rats with them as food, and that they were the main cause of deforestation on the island. Finally, the author mentions that the problems described above eventually led to a major population collapse. He is of the opinion that the population of Easter Island fell from a high of twenty thousand down to a low of just two thousand when European explorers first arrived. The lecturer, on the other hand, feels that Easter Island never supported a population of twenty thousand. She puts forth the idea that this estimate was based on an old misunderstanding of when the island was originally settled and that there were never more than two thousand people living there.
The article and lecture are both about the merits of letting employees work four days per week for less pay than they get for working five days per week. The author of the article feels that this is beneficial. The lecturer challenges the claims made in the article. She thinks that giving people this option might have some disadvantages.First of all, the author notes that the system would increase corporate profits because employees would feel more rested and alert. Therefore, they would make fewer mistakes. The author says that even though more employees would need to be hired, payroll costs would not increase since the four-day workers would only get paid 80% of their usual rate. In contrast, the lecturer says that companies would have to spend more on things like training and medical expenses, which are the same no matter how much someone works. They would also have to pay for things like computers and office space.Next, the author claims that this system would reduce unemployment rates for the whole nation. According to the article, if people shift to working four days per week new employees would have to be hired. The lecturer challenges this. He notes that companies might just expect their existing employees to work overtime to make up the difference. He also says that they might expect their current employees to do the same amount of work in four days that they used to do in five days. Therefore, no new people would be hired.Finally, the author says that a four-day workweek would be better for individual employees since it would give them more time to pursue their personal interests. The lecturer also challenges this claim. He puts forth the idea that four-day workers would be less likely to be given promotions because companies would like to have five-day workers in senior management positions. He also argues that four-day workers will be the first people to get laid off during economic downturns.
The reading and the lecture are both about transient lunar phenomena (TLP), which are short color changes that are occasionally seen on the surface of the moon. The reading presents three possible explanations for this phenomenon, but the lecturer feels that none of these explanations are plausible. To begin with, the author suggests that TLP are caused by gas found beneath the moon’s surface which is sometimes ejected into the atmosphere. It is argued that this theory is supported by the fact that TLPs are often seen near craters which the gas can escape from. The lecturer casts doubt on this claim. He says that it is just a coincidence that TLPs are seen near craters, which are the most common feature of the moon. He observes that a NASA probe which detected gas near a major crater only found a small amount of it. Secondly, the author observes that TLPs might just be bright clouds of dust floating above the surface of the moon. It is mentioned that this dust can reflect light and therefore cause TLPs. The lecturer, in contrast, says that dust clouds would have to be massive in order to be observed from Earth. However, there is no evidence of a large amount of dust on the moon. Thirdly, the author posts that TLPs might be caused by solar radiation. The article notes that magnetic storms occurring on the sun release radiation which might illuminate certain sections of the lunar landscape. The lecturer challenges this assertion. He points out that the dates when TLPs have been observed do not match the dates of known solar flares. He observes that for the most part, there is no relationship between these two events.
The reading and the lecture are about wave farms, which some people think are an alternative to fossil fuels. The author of the reading believes that these facilities have many advantages. The lecturer casts doubts on the author’s claims. He does not believe that they are particularly advantageous. First of all, the author notes that wave farms are reliable sources of power because they utilize waves which are constant and predictable. As a result, it is possible to guess exactly how much energy they can produce. The lecturer disagrees with this assertion. He says that wave generators are not very reliable because they often experience technical problems due to the harsh environment they operate in. He points out that for this reason the amount of power they produce fluctuates wildly. Secondly, in the article it is mentioned that wave farms do not harm the environment. It is pointed out that they do not burn fossil fuels, so no harmful gasses are emitted into the environment. This point is challenged in the lecture. The lecturer says that the convertors used in the stations contain damaging chemicals that can sometimes leak into the surrounding ocean. He asserts that these have a very bad effect on marine organisms when this happens. Finally, the author observes that wave farms do not affect the attractiveness of the surrounding area. It is mentioned that they float just near the surface of the ocean, so they cannot be spotted by local people. The lecturer, on the other hand, posits that they actually do clash with local scenery. He says that they are painted bright colors so they can be detected by ships, which means that tourists can also spot them from nearby beaches.
The reading and the lecture are both about the mysterious disappearance of the Anasazi people. The author argues that they abandoned their settlements due to a drought. The lecturer casts doubt on this belief. She does not believe that there is enough evidence to support this assertion. First of all, the author notes that the bones of Anasazi people indicate that they suffered from malnutrition. The author posits that this is a sign that there was not enough rainfall for them to grow enough crops to feed themselves. The lecturer challenges this claim. He points out that poor nutrition was common among the Anasazi no matter how much food was grown. He notes that farmers gave most of their crops away to religious leaders so that they would perform ceremonies for them. Secondly, it is mentioned in the reading that the Anasazi settlements were sealed up, so they must have intended to return to them after they were abandoned. This is exactly what they did during dry periods that occurred previously. This point is made doubtful by claims in the lecture. The lecturer observes that the dry period ended shortly after the Anasazi left the settlements, but they did not return. He says that if they had left because of a drought, they would have come back once it was over. Finally, the author raises the point that the Anasazi people later ended up in areas with ample water supplies. This suggests that they were trying to escape drought conditions. The lecturer, on the other hand, points out that many of them moved to what is now Arizona, which is an area without much water. Moreover, it is not suitable for farming. He claims that if they were running from dry conditions, it is odd that they would move to a place which was even more arid.
The reading and the listening are about the memoirs of the Chevalier de Seingalt, who was a very controversial figure. The author of the reading feels that his memoir is not historically accurate. The professor, on the other hand, thinks that the memoir is a reliable record. He casts doubt on each of the ideas presented in the reading. First of all, the author points out that in the memoir, the Chevalier claims to be very wealthy. He says that recent evidence, however, suggests that the Chevalier needed to borrow a lot of money, and therefore could not have been rich. The lecturer casts doubt on this claim. She observes that the Chevalier was rich, but since he did not have cash that he could spend right away he had to borrow money. She observes that he needed to borrow money while waiting for his assets to be converted into money he could actually use. Secondly, the author contends that the conversations recorded in the memoir may not be very precise. He notes that they occurred many years before the memoir was written, and that it would have been impossible for the Chevalier to remember them accurately. On the other hand, the lecturer notes that Chevalier often recorded conversations in his journals immediately after they occurred. She contends that when he was writing his memoirs he referred to such diaries. Finally, the author states that the Chevalier’s depiction of his escape from a famous prison in Venice cannot possibly be realistic. He points out that instead of escaping through a hole in the ceiling like the memoir says, he probably had a friend bribe one of the jailers. The professor, on the other hand, notes that prisoners with even more powerful friends could not bribe their way out of the jail. She also says that shortly after the Chevalier’s purported escape, a hole in the ceiling had to be repaired, which indicates that he may have escaped in the way described in his memoir.
The reading and the lecture are both about ecocertification of wood products, which is a way to show that they are environmentally friendly. The author of the reading believes that American companies will not adopt this practice. The lecturer casts doubts on the claims made in the article. She thinks that American wood companies will eventually certify their products. First of all, the author points out that customers will likely ignore such a label. It is mentioned that many products are now given special labels, so shoppers no longer trust them. This point is challenged by the lecturer. She says customers actually do pay attention to claims when they are made by official agencies. Furthermore, she she argues that Americans will be enthusiastic about products that are endorsed by a trustworthy organization. Secondly, the author contends that it costs a lot to have wood inspected, so certified products will be more expensive. The article notes that American consumers are strongly motivated by price, and as a result will choose products that have not been certified. The lecturer rebuts this argument. She suggests that customers do not care too much about small differences in price. She elaborates on this by mentioning that certified products will only be about five percent more expensive, which will not affect the purchasing decisions of buyers. Finally, the author states that certification only makes sense for companies that sell products outside of the United States. The article establishes that American firms sell most of their products domestically, and their customers are happy with their merchandise as it is. The professor, on the other hand, posits that American businesses should be afraid of foreign competitors. She puts forth the idea that foreign firms could flood into America and win customers by selling ecocertified wood to people who care about the environment.
The reading and the listening are both about smart cars, which are vehicles that are able to drive themselves. The author of the reading describes three benefits related to these cars. The professor casts doubt on each of the theories presented in the reading. He does not feel that the cars are as beneficial as the author assumes. First of all, the author states that smart cars will save lives by preventing accidents. It is noted that that the sensors and computer systems used in the smart cars are more efficient than human judgment when it comes to preventing accidents. The lecturer casts doubt on this assertion. He is of the opinion that smart cars will still get into accidents. Moreover, he believes that if smart car technology leads to denser traffic than before, certain types of accidents will be even worse than they currently are. Secondly, the author claims that smart cars will lead to the end of traffic problems. The article says that this will result from the fact that smart cars can follow each other closely at higher speeds than regular cars. The lecturer challenges this theory. He states that if driving becomes more convenient, more people will start driving. He says that with more cars on the road, traffic congestion will actually increase. Finally, the author points out that smart cars will reduce the cost of driving. As a result of the fact that smart cars are programmed to take very direct routes, owners will not need to spend as much money on repairs and replacement parts. The professor, on the other hand, points out that smart cars utilize a lot of expensive technology not implemented in regular cars. He says that repairing this sort of technology will be more costly than repairing the parts in a normal vehicle.
The reading and the listening are about the “great houses” found by archaeologists in the Chaco Canyon area of New Mexico. The author presents three theories about the possible purposes of these structures, while the lecturer argues that each of the author’s theories is unfounded and that the true use of the houses is unknown. First of all, the author says that the structures were used for residential purposes. It is noted that they are very similar to the “apartment buildings” located in nearby Taos, New Mexico, where people have been living for centuries. The professor casts doubt on this theory. She says that while the buildings may resemble the apartment buildings from the outside, their interiors do not. She points out that the great houses contain very few fireplaces, which would have been necessary if they had been inhabited by many families. Secondly, the author mentions that the structures could have been used to store food. The article asserts that the Chaco people consumed great quantities of maize, which could have been stored in the houses for long periods of time without spoiling. On the other hand, the professor says that excavations of the sites have not turned up any signs of maize. She says that if the buildings had been used to store this crop, researchers would have found signs of either spilled maize or containers for maize. Finally, the author states that the structures could have served as ceremonial centers. The author observes that archaeologists found broken pots in a mound near one of the houses, and that pots were used during special occasions. The professor notes, in contrast, that the mound contained other materials as well, including sandstone and construction materials, which would not have been used in ceremonies. She feels that the mound was merely a trash heap left behind by workers when the house was constructed.
The reading and the lecture are about the advantages and disadvantages of buying a franchise. The author of the reading believes than buying this kind of business can be quite advantageous. The professor casts doubt on this claim. She believes that buying a franchise isn’t always a good idea. First of all, the author claims that first-time business owners often struggle to gain reliable access to the goods and services needed to run a business. It is noted that buying a franchise, however, eliminates this problem because the franchising company specifies which suppliers must to be used. The professor challenges this assertion. She notes that the approved suppliers tend to overcharge. She elaborates on this by noting that even if there are cheaper goods available, the franchise owner is forbidden from purchasing them. Secondly, the author points out that owning a franchise can result in more affordable advertising and promotion. This is because franchises are part of a well-established brand with a sophisticated marketing plan already in place. The professor, in contrast, points out that franchise owners are typically required to pay an amount equal to up to six percent of their total sales to the parent company for advertising services. She contends that the sort of advertising purchased by the franchise company results in less overall benefit to the franchise owners than what they would get if they paid to advertise their business directly. Finally, the author observes that a franchise offers increased security. The article observes that many independent businesses fail during their first few years of operation, and that this can sometimes be avoided by starting a franchise business. The professor casts doubt on this assertion. She points out that buying a franchise is not the least-risky option for people who want to start a business. She points out that it is even less risky to purchase an existing business from an independent operator.
The reading and the lecture are about communal online encyclopedias, which are unique because they can be revised and edited by anyone in the world. The author of the reading argues that they are less reliable than traditional printed encyclopedias. The professor casts doubt on each of the criticisms made by the author. To begin with, the author notes that such encyclopedias are edited by individuals without academic credentials. He feels that this means their contributions are sometimes inaccurate or ill-informed. The professor challenges this point. He asserts that even traditional encyclopedias are not perfectly accurate. Moreover, he says that when errors appear in printed books, they remain in them for years, unlike error in online sources which can be quickly corrected. Secondly, the author claims that vandals and hackers have opportunities to include false information in online encyclopedias, or to corrupt and vandalize correct information. He feels that unsuspecting users have no way of detecting when this has occurred. The professor casts doubt on these claims. He draws attention to the fact that the administrators of online encyclopedias have methods of protecting their content. He says that they have special editors who watch all changes and revert those which are obviously malicious. Finally, the author points out that communal reference works tend to focus on topics which are trivial or unimportant. This can create a false impression of which topics are important and which are not. The lecturer, in contrast, says that because online encyclopedias have unlimited space they are free to cover a wide variety of topics. He argues that just because a considerable number of articles are written about popular topics, we should not assume that academic topics are not being represented.
The reading and the listening are about whether or not dinosaurs were endotherms. The author of the reading feels there is evidence which proves that dinosaurs were endotherms. The professor, on the other hand, is not convinced of this. He casts doubt on each of the theories presented in the reading. First of all, the author points out that dinosaur fossils have been found in cold polar regions. It is noted that only animals that can maintain warm body temperatures, like endotherms, can be active in such cold climates. The lecturer casts doubt on this claim. She observes that today’s polar regions were much warmer during the time of the dinosaurs, and so non-endotherms could inhabit them. Moreover, she points out that such animals could have migrated or hibernated during months when the regions became especially cold. Secondly, the author contends that the dinosaurs were endotherms because of the structure of their legs. The article points out that dinosaurs had legs underneath their bodies, just like all modern endotherms. On the other hand, the lecturer notes that the leg structure of dinosaurs served merely to support their massive weight. She contends that having legs under their bodies allowed the dinosaurs to grow to very large sizes, which was advantageous in many ways. Finally, the author makes a connection between endothermic animals and bone structure. The bones of dinosaurs contained bodies called Haversian canals, which helped them to grow to large sizes, which is a common characteristic of endotherms. The professor challenges the validity of this point. She notes that dinosaur bones also show evidence of growth rings. She says that these rings indicate that the dinosaurs grew in spurts, which is a characteristic of non-endotherms.
The reading and the lecture are both about forest fires, and whether or not they should be deliberately suppressed. The author of the reading believes that it is beneficial to stop such fires from occurring. The lecturer casts doubt on the claims made in the article. She thinks that it is more advantageous to allow forest fires to occur. First of all, the author claims that stopping forest fires can help to improve the overall health of trees. He notes that the along the eastern seaboard where fire suppression systems have been used, huge canopies have been formed by thriving oak and hickory trees. This point is challenged by the lecturer. She says that such canopies block the light that young trees need to grow strong. Furthermore, she points out that as a result of this species that do not need much light will invade their natural habitat. Secondly, the author states that stopping fires will allow vines and bushes to thrive at lower levels of the forest ecosystem. He argues that fires actually reduce the amount of nutrients available in soil. This argument is rebutted by the lecturer. She suggests that fires benefit lower levels of the forest by killing off plants before they grow into huge thickets. She elaborates on this by mentioning that huge masses of plants prevent young trees from reaching maturity. Finally, the author mentions that stopping fires prevents animals from being burned to death. He mentions that deer are a specific species that can thrive when fires are stopped. The lecturer, on the other hand, feels that rising deer populations are also a result of recent limitations on hunting. She puts forth the idea that deer can harm forests by consuming oak saplings that already have a difficult time growing when fires are suppressed.
The reading and the lecture are both about the consumption of wheat by humans in the pre-historic period. The author of the reading believes that bread was the first product produced from wheat. The lecturer casts doubt on the claims made in the article. She thinks that, in fact, beer was the first product that resulted from wheat production. First of all, the author claims that early humans prepared wheat for consumption by grinding it between two stones. He notes that wheat was much easier to consume if it was ground into a thin paste in advance, rather than just being chewed raw. This point is challenged by the lecturer. She says that it was not necessary to grind wheat as it could be sprouted naturally in a moist environment. Furthermore, she points out that sprouted wheat is sweeter, softer and more nutritious than ground wheat. Secondly, the author states that early humans would have easily discovered how to bake bread by exposing their ground wheat to fire. He argues that baked bread could be stored for long periods of time which would have greatly increased the value of wheat as food. This argument is rebutted by the lecturer. She suggests that humans during this period did not know how to cook food with fire. She notes that applying fire to food in order to make it more palatable was simply not an obvious idea at that time. Finally, the author mentions that early humans would have noticed the effects of yeast spores landing on the ground wheat paste when it was left out in the open. He is of the opinion that the bubbles that formed when the yeast landed indicated to people that baked bread would be lighter and easier to eat than raw wheat. The lecturer, on the other hand, feels that fermentation happened very quickly when wheat paste was put into storage. She puts forth the idea that the nice taste of the bubbles that formed when fermentation happened would have been more likely to lead to beer production than to bread production.
The reading and the lecture are both about why animals that existed in the “early earth” period were larger than animals today. The author of the reading presents three possible explanations for this phenomenon. The lecturer casts doubt on the claims made in the article. She thinks that none of the theories are supported by facts or evidence. First of all, the author claims that animals were larger because the early earth had a greater supply of oxygen. He notes that high oxygen levels stimulate growth in certain species. This point is challenged by the lecturer. She says that the atmosphere of the early earth was full of poisonous gasses which made it difficult for animals to breathe. She points out that oxygen levels were not higher than they are today. Secondly, the author states that animals that existed in the early earth period grew large as a result of having access to abundant plant life to feed on. He argues that animals grew large because they consumed high levels of nutrients and that they passed down their size to succeeding generations. This argument is rebutted by the lecturer. She suggests that plant life was in fact abundant, but that it was mostly low in nutrients. She notes that this is because plants rely on carbon dioxide to grow strong, but they did not have much carbon dioxide during the period. Finally, the author mentions that warm climates caused animals in this period to grow large. He is of the opinion that because they did not have to use energy to stay warm, they were able to channel it into growing larger bodies. The lecturer, on the other hand, feels that in today’s era warm climates are mostly known for having small animals. She puts forth the idea that massive bodies are disadvantageous in warm climates.
The reading and the lecture are both about whether monarch butterfly populations are declining, and whether herbicides should be banned in order to save them. The author of the reading believes that herbicides should not be banned. The lecturer casts doubt on the claims made in the article. She thinks that herbicides pose a serious threat to the butterflies and should be outlawed. First of all, the author claims that no overall decline in monarch butterfly populations has been observed in North America. He notes that populations in certain areas have dropped, but that these have been offset by gains in other locations. This point is challenged by the lecturer. She says because the butterflies are extremely territorial, it is very easy for biologists to count them. Furthermore, she points out that a very clear drop in monarch butterfly populations has, in fact, been measured. Secondly, the author states that herbicides kill the milkweed that butterflies consume, but that plenty of it still remains in the wild for them to feed on. He argues that herbicides have not caused a general decline in milkweed availability, but just a decline on commercial farmland. This argument is rebutted by the lecturer. She suggests that it is a well-known fact that America is rapidly losing rural land because of urban sprawl. She notes that this effect has led to a very real decline of milkweed availability in rural areas. Finally, the author mentions that the attempt to ban herbicides is based on emotion rather than evidence and research. He is of the opinion that people only want to ban the herbicides because they affect the food of their beloved butterflies. The lecturer, on the other hand, feels that the move to ban herbicides is based on a rational examination of the evidence available. She puts forth the idea that we know the herbicides affect milkweed and we know that butterflies consume milkweed, so we can logically assume that the herbicides are detrimental to the insects.
The reading and the lecture are both about the effectiveness of coal as an energy source. The author of the reading believes that coal remains a very useful source of energy. The lecturer casts doubt on the claims made in the article. She thinks that coal has serious effects on both humans and the world around them, and therefore should no longer be used. First of all, the author claims that prices of other energy sources, such as fossil fuels, have increased dramatically. He notes that we have limited reserves of such fuel sources, but that coal exists in huge quantities. This point is challenged by the lecturer. She says that coal is an inefficient means of energy production in comparison to all other alternatives. She points out that for this reason coal should not be used, even though it is cheaper than other fuel sources. Secondly, the author states that coal is a reliable fuel source which has been used for hundreds of years. He argues that because coal has been used for such a long period, humans have discovered the most effective ways to utilize it. This argument is rebutted by the lecturer. She suggests that coal is known to pollute water supplies. She elaborates on this by mentioning that coal must be washed and prepared using toxic chemicals which are injected into underground mines after use. This, she says, puts water supplies at risk. Finally, the author mentions that coal has been put to use all over the globe. He describes how uses of coal include alumna refining, paper manufacturing, chemical production and the pharmaceutical industry. The lecturer, on the other hand, feels that coal can cause major damage to the human central nervous system because it emits carbon monoxide when used in industry. She puts forth the idea that technology is simply not advanced enough to make it safe to use.
The reading and the lecture are about sending humans to Mars. The reading describes three reasons why this is challenging. The lecturer mentions solutions to all of these problems.First, the reading says that it would take two years to reach Mars. There would not be enough space on the spaceship to carry all of the food, water and oxygen needed for such a long journey. The professor mentions a solution. She says that they could use hydroponics to solve this problem. She mentions that they could use this method to grow food on the craft, and also to recycle wastewater and release fresh oxygen.Second, the reading notes that living in a zero gravity environment for a very long time would be bad for the astronauts. Specifically, it says that it would result in lower muscle mass and bone density. However, the professor says that people have lived for a long time on space stations already, and found solutions to these problems. She says that they have learned that they can be solved by getting regular exercise and by taking vitamins and minerals.Finally, the reading points out that the astronauts would be put in danger due to space radiation from the sun. It would not be possible to build a shield to protect them because it would add too much weight to the craft. On the other hand, the professor suggests that while space radiation is a problem it can be monitored using special equipment. During periods when it is really dangerous, the astronauts could hide behind a small shield that would not add much weight to the craft.
The article and lecture are about humpback whales. The author believes that they migrate using the stars. The lecturer challenges this claim. He doesn’t believe that whales use the stars for migration.First of all, the article notes that whales are intelligent enough to migrate using the stars because their brain capacity exceeds that of many other animals. In contrast, the professor says there isn’t a connection between intelligence and the use of stars for navigation. For instance, ducks do this but their intelligence is merely average. They migrate merely because of instinct.Secondly, the article says that whales migrate in straight lines, which is only possible when an animal uses an external object as a source of direction. However, the professor says there is possibly a different explanation for this. He mentions that it might be because whales are sensitive to the earth’s magnetic field and use it to guide them during migrations. Because humpback whales have a substance called bio-magnetite in their brains they are likely quite sensitive to the earth’s magnetic field.Finally, the article mentions that whales do a unique behavior called spy-hopping, which is when they jump straight up into the air for minutes at a time. They may do this to get a good look at the stars in the sky. In contrast, the professor notes that spy-hopping probably doesn’t have anything to do with looking at the stars. Sharks do the same thing, but they don’t migrate. Moreover, humpbacks sometimes do this in the middle of the day, when no stars are visible.
The reading and the lecture are both about iron fertilization, which is the introduction of iron into oceans in order to stimulate the bloom of plankton which absorbs carbon dioxide from the air. The author of the reading believes that this is not an effective way to halt global warming. The lecturer casts doubt on the claims made in the article. She thinks that iron fertilization is a very effective way to prevent this serious problem. First of all, the author claims that plankton does not lock away as much carbon dioxide as people think. The reading notes that previous estimates fall short of actual amounts that will be absorbed as a result of iron fertilization. This point is challenged by the lecturer. She says that plankton does absorb a very significant amount of carbon dioxide. Furthermore, she points out that recent studies of the phenomenon have not been carried out for long enough to accurately measure how much dangerous CO2 can potentially be locked away within the plankton. Secondly, the author states that the process of iron fertilization results in the formation of too many dangerous toxins. It is argued that that the toxins produced can lead to very harmful phenomena like red tides. This argument is rebutted by the lecturer. She suggests that the production of toxins is not a major problem. She elaborates on this by mentioning that when global warming is no longer a threat the process can be called off and we will not have to worry about toxins any more. Finally, the author mentions that iron fertilization can have a negative effect on ecosystems. He is of the opinion that the presence of so much plankton will favor certain species which will disrupt naturally occurring food chains. The lecturer, on the other hand, feels that the problem of global warming is much more serious than that of disrupted ecosystems. She puts forth the idea that global warming is critical to the natural environment of the entire earth.
The reading and the lecture are both about Sacsayhuaman, which is a walled fortress built by the Inca people near the city of Cuzco. The author of the reading believes that the fortress was not built for defensive purposes. The lecturer casts doubt on the claims made in the article. She thinks that the fortress was built to defend the Inca against invaders. First of all, the author claims that the walls in the fortress are not solid. It is noted that the fortress actually consists of a series of walls with great gaps in between them, which invaders could have passed through. This point is challenged by the lecturer. She says that the gaps were left in order to conserve building materials. Furthermore, she points out that natural barriers would have provided sufficient defense in the areas where the gaps were located. Secondly, the author states that the wall contains various entryways. The article argues that these passages were not defended very well and that aggressors could have entered through them. This argument is rebutted by the lecturer. She suggests that the entries were left because the Inca needed to see the invaders as they approached in order to plan their strategies. She elaborates on this by mentioning that the entries were mostly windows which were too small for invaders to fit through. Finally, the author mentions that no wells have been found behind the walls. The author’s opinion is that if the fortress had been blockaded by invaders the defenders would have died of thirst. The lecturer, on the other hand, feels that because of the high altitude of the fortress, invaders would not have been able to sustain long attacks. She puts forth the idea that defenders could have resupplied when their attackers fell back as a result of the altitude.
The reading and the lecture are about a painting called “Portrait of an Elderly Woman in a White Bonnet. The author of the reading believes that the painting was not done by the Rembrandt. The lecturer casts doubts on the claims made in the article. She thinks that it was, in fact, painted by Rembrandt. First of all, the author claims that the woman’s outfit is inconsistent, as it pairs a servant’s cap with a luxurious coat and fur collar. It is pointed out that Rembrandt would not have made such a mistake, as he paid very careful attention to detail. This argument is challenged by the lecturer. She says that the woman’s fur collar was added to the painting by another artist at a later date. She asserts that this was likely done to increase the value of the painting. Secondly, the author states that the depiction of light and shadow in the portrait is poorly done. He argues that Rembrandt was a master of light and shadow, and would not have made the mistakes which are seen in this particular painting. This argument is rebutted in the lecture. The lecturer observes that when the aforementioned fur collar is removed, no mistakes with light and shadow remain. She notes that the original version of the painting is up to Rembrandt’s usual standards. Finally, the author mentions that the portrait was painted on a series of panels which were glued together. It is noted that while Rembrandt often painted on wood panels, there is no evidence that he ever used panels that were glued together in such a fashion. The lecturer casts doubt on this by arguing that the wood panel was expanded many years after the painting was originally done. She puts forth the idea that this is evidence that the painting was originally completed on just a single panel like other works by Rembrandt, and that the panel came from the same tree used to make panels for his other works.
The reading and the lecture are both about the value of television appearances by university professors. The author of the reading argues that they are very worthwhile for both professors and their universities. The lecturer casts doubt on the claims made in the article. He believes that these appearances are not advantageous. First of all, the author claims that television appearances help university professors broaden their audience, and also help them to be viewed as experts in their fields by more people. The author believes that this can increase their importance as academic professionals. This point is challenged by the lecturer. He says that professors who go on television are viewed by their peers as entertainers rather than as true educators. The lecturer claims that being a celebrity could even affect their ability to get funding for their work. Secondly, the author states that television appearances can be beneficial for the universities themselves. It is argued that the prestige of a university is increased when one of its faculty members makes a high profile media appearance. The lecturer rebuts this argument. He suggests that universities can suffer because celebrity professors do not have much time for their research and students. He argues that rather than carrying out their duties, they spend a lot of time rehearsing, traveling and getting made-up for their appearances. Finally, the author mentions that the public benefits when a professor appears in the media. It is suggested that television is usually quite shallow and that professors can provide a very useful solution to this problem. The lecturer, on the other hand, feels that television networks are just interested in the academic titles of the professors. He says that the abbreviated presentations that professors give on television are no more useful than what a regular reporter could deliver.