Technology

Internal combustion engine

An internal combustion engine (ICE or IC engine) is a heat engine in which the combustion of a fuel occurs with an oxidizer (usually air) in a combustion chamber that is an integral part of the working fluid flow circuit. In an internal combustion engine, the expansion of the high-temperature and high-pressure gases produced by combustion applies direct force to some component of the engine. The force is typically applied to pistons (piston engine), turbine blades (gas turbine), a rotor (Wankel engine), or a nozzle (jet engine). This force moves the component over a distance, transforming chemical energy into kinetic energy which is used to propel, move or power whatever the engine is attached to.

Diagram of a cylinder as found in an overhead cam 4-stroke gasoline engine: C – crankshaft E – exhaust camshaft I – inlet camshaft P – piston R – connecting rod S – spark plug V – valves. red: exhaust, blue: intake. W – cooling water jacket gray structure – engine block

Invention of the first official computer

Before computer came along as term we all use today, the word computer referred to the person who would add and subtract numbers for hours. The person would do that and enter those numbers into tables, so that people could calculate easier what they need to. English scientist, Charles Babbage wanted to make a machine that could calculate much faster than a person could. Charles Babbage needed funding from the Government to make such a machine, which he was provided with for his project. He spent 8 years in trying to make machine. He didn’t succeed in his idea fully, since Government funding ran out. This only encouraged Charles to make even more complicated machine. By the more complicated machine, he meant machine that could calculate complex calculations. Of course, he spent a lot of time in elaborating details for this machine on paper. This machine was made up from basic components that every modern computer has today. Components included memory and central processing unit or CPU. Babbage’s idea never enlightened people in his lifetime, because there wasn’t enough funding for this to happen. However, his youngest son helped making his idea real couple decades later.

Conversion of Energy: People and Animals

There are five major reasons why horses are better draft animals than cattle. Unlike in cattle, frontal parts of horses' bodies are heavier than their rears (the ratio is approximately 3:2) and this gives them an advantage in inertial motion. Their unique arrangement of the suspensory ligament and a pair of tendons makes it possible to “lock” their legs without engaging any muscles and hence without any additional energy cost incurred during standing. Horses also grow generally larger and live longer than cattle, and they have greater work endurance. However, their superior strength was efficiently harnessed only with the widespread adoption of the collar harness and iron horseshoes, and their inherent power and endurance became readily available only with better feeding. Fitted, and later also padded, collar harnesses provided a desirably low traction angle and allowed for the deployment of powerful breast and shoulder muscles without any restriction on the animal's breathing . Its precursor was first documented in China in the 5th century of the CE, and an improved version spread to Europe just before the end of the first millennium. Another important innovation in harnessing was swingletrees attached to traces in order to equalize the strain resulting from uneven pulling: Their use made it possible to harness an even or odd number of animals. Iron horseshoes prevented excessive wear of hooves and they also improved traction. 

However, collars and horseshoes alone could not guarantee the widespread use of horses: Only larger and better fed horses proved to be superior draft animals. The body mass, and hence power, of European draft horses began to increase only after the working stock benefited from several centuries of breeding heavy war animals needed to carry armored knights. However, these more powerful horses needed at least some cereal or legume grains, not just grasses fed to weaker animals and cattle. Production of concentrate feed required intensification of farming in order to provide yields high enough for both people and animals. Agricultural intensification was a slow process, and it first began in northwestern Europe during the late 18th century. Even larger horses were taxed when pulling wooden ploughs, whose heavy soles, wheels, and moldboards generated enormous friction, particularly in wet soils. Moreover, the absence of a smooth, curved fitting between the share and the flat moldboard caused constant clogging by compressed soil and weeds. Iron moldboard ploughs were introduced to Europe from China during the 17th century, and cast iron shares were replaced with smooth, curved steel ploughshares by the mid-19th century during the rise of the modern steel industry. Horses then became the principal energizers of the world's largest extension of arable land that took place on the plains and prairies of North America, pampas of Argentina, and grasslands of Australia and southern Russia during the latter half of the 19th and the first half of the 20th century.The heaviest horse breeds—French Percherons, English Shires, and German Rheinlanders—could work briefly at rates of more than 2 kW (approximately 3 horsepower), and they could steadily deliver 800–1000 W. Feed requirements of these animals were high, but their net energy benefit was indisputable: A horse eating 4 kg of oats per day preempted cultivation of food grain that would have fed approximately 6 adults, but its power could supplant that of at least 10 strong men. Larger and better fed horses also provided essential traction during the initial stages of industrialization, powering road and canal transport, turning whims in mining, and performing tasks in food processing and in numerous manufactures. In most of these tasks, they were displaced by steam engines before the mid-19th century, but even as the railways were taking over long-distance transport, horse-drawn carts, trucks, and streetcars continued to move people and goods in all rapidly growing cities of the late 19th century. Only the diffusion of internal combustion engines and electric motors ended the use of horses as urban prime movers. However, in fieldwork, horses remained important well into the 20th century. Obviously, their largest numbers were supported where abundant farmland made it easy to produce the requisite feed. The total number of farm horses (and mules) peaked at 21 million animals in 1919 in the United States, when at least 20% of the country's farmland was needed to cultivate their feed. Subsequent mass adoption of tractors and self-propelled field machines was inevitable: Even small tractor engines could replace at least 10 horses and needed no farmland for support. The U.S. Department of Agriculture discontinued its count of draft animals in 1960, when approximately 3 million working horses were still left on American farms. However, in China, the total number of draft horses continued to increase even after 1980, when the country began its economic modernization. Horses, as well as water buffaloes, yaks, camels, and donkeys, remain important draft and pack animals in parts of Asia and Africa.

Virtually complete substitution of animate prime movers by engines and motors is one of the key attributes of modern high-energy society, in which humans act as designers and controllers of increasingly more powerful energy flows rather than as weak prime movers, and in which a rare working animal is an object of curiosity. Nothing illustrates the wide gap between the affluent and the subsistence areas of the world better than the fact that heavy, repetitive, and dangerous human exertions (including those of millions of children) and the draft of hundreds of millions of animals continue to be indispensable prime movers in large areas of the three continents on which modernity is still a promise for tomorrow. 

Petrolium products

Adhesives and Sealants 

Adhesives and sealants are substances used to bond or seal two surfaces together. Adhesives are typically used to join materials permanently, while sealants are used to fill gaps or prevent the passage of air or fluids between two surfaces. They come in a variety of forms, including liquids, pastes, tapes, and films, and can be applied using different methods, such as brushing, spraying, or injecting. Adhesives and sealants are used in a wide range of industries, including construction, automotive, aerospace, and electronics, and are essential for the production of many consumer goods. They provide strength, durability, and reliability, and can be tailored to specific requirements, such as temperature resistance, chemical resistance, and flexibility. Here is a list of adhesives and sealants made with oil and petroleum products: Caulk Contact adhesives Contact cement Denture Adhesive Epoxy Epoxy putty Glue Liquid gasket sealants Pressure-sensitive adhesive tape Sealant Shoe glue Silicone sealant Structural adhesives Super glue

 Asphalt

 Asphalt, also known as bitumen, is a sticky, black, highly viscous liquid or semi-solid material derived from petroleum. It is a naturally occurring substance that can also be produced by refining crude oil. Asphalt is widely used in the construction industry for paving roads, highways, parking lots, and airport runways. It is also used as a waterproofing and roofing material. Asphalt is a durable and cost-effective material that is resistant to weathering, water, and chemicals. It can be applied in various forms, including hot mix asphalt, warm mix asphalt, and cold mix asphalt, depending on the temperature at which it is used. The properties of asphalt can be modified to meet specific requirements, such as increasing its resistance to deformation or improving its flexibility at low temperatures. Here is a list of asphalt products made with oil and petroleum products: Airport runways Bridge deck coatings Foundation waterproofing Parking lots Racetracks Road surfaces Tennis courts Tennis court resurfacing Waterproof membranes Batteries Batteries are electrochemical devices that convert stored chemical energy into electrical energy. They consist of one or more electrochemical cells, which are connected in series or parallel to increase the voltage or current output. Each cell contains two electrodes, a positive electrode or cathode, and a negative electrode or anode, separated by an electrolyte. When a load is connected to the electrodes, a chemical reaction occurs in the electrolyte, generating an electrical current that can be used to power devices such as flashlights, smartphones, and electric vehicles. Batteries come in a wide range of sizes, shapes, and chemistries, each with its own characteristics, advantages, and limitations. Common types of batteries include alkaline, lithium-ion, lead-acid, nickel-cadmium, and nickel-metal hydride. The performance of batteries can be affected by various factors, such as temperature, aging, and usage patterns. The development of more efficient, durable, and environmentally friendly batteries is a key focus of research and innovation, as batteries play an increasingly important role in powering our modern world. Here is a list of batteries made with oil and petroleum products: Alkaline batteries Car batteries Lead-acid batteries Lithium-ion batteries Lithium-polymer batteries Nickel-cadmium batteries Nickel-metal hydride batteries Phone batteries Rechargeable batteries Silver-zinc batteries Zinc-air batteries Zinc-carbon batteries Chemicals Petroleum-based chemicals are chemicals that are derived from crude oil. Petroleum-based chemicals are widely used in various industries, such as plastics, rubber, textiles, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics. They are typically produced by refining crude oil into different fractions, such as gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel, and then further processing these fractions to obtain various chemicals. Common petroleum-based chemicals include ethylene, propylene, benzene, toluene, xylene, and styrene, which are used to produce a wide range of products, such as plastics, synthetic fibers, adhesives, solvents, and resins. Petroleum-based chemicals are valued for their versatility, reliability, and cost-effectiveness. Here is a list of chemicals made with oil and petroleum products: Adhesives Carbon black Cleaning products Detergents Dyes Ethylene glycol Ethylene oxide Fertilizers Isopropyl alcohol Lubricants Methacrylic acid Methyl ethyl ketone Nylon Paint solvents Paint thinners Paints Pesticides Polyester fibers Propylene oxide Soap Solvents Synthetic Rubber Thermoplastic elastomers Consumer Products Consumer products are goods and services that are purchased and used by individuals for personal, household, or recreational purposes. They can be tangible products, such as clothing, food, electronics, and furniture, or intangible services, such as healthcare, education, and entertainment. Consumer products can be further classified into convenience products, shopping products, specialty products, and unsought products, based on the buying behavior of consumers. Consumer products play a significant role in our daily lives and are produced and marketed by a wide range of businesses, from small local shops to multinational corporations. The production, marketing, and disposal of consumer products can have environmental, social, and economic impacts, such as resource depletion, pollution, and waste generation. Here is a list of consumer products made with oil and petroleum products: Antiseptics Awnings Balloons Ballpoint Pens Bandages Basketballs Boats Cameras CD’s & DVD’s Clothes Clothesline Combs Dentures Dice Dishes Drinking Cups Electric Blankets Electrician’s Tape Eyeglasses Fishing Boots Fishing lures Fishing Rods Folding Doors Football Cleats Football Helmets Footballs Golf Bags Golf Balls Guitar Strings Hair Curlers Ice Chests Ice Cube Trays Insect Repellent Laptops Life Jackets Luggage Mops Motorcycle Helmet Nylon Rope Paint Brushes Paint Rollers Parachutes Petroleum Jelly Purses Refrigerators Roller Skates Rubber Cement Shag Rugs Shampoo Shoe Polish Shoelace Aglets Shoes Shower Curtains Skis Soap Speakers Sun Glasses Surf Boards Telephones Tennis Rackets Tents Toilet Seats Tool Boxes Tool Racks Toothbrushes Transparent Tape Trash Bags Umbrellas Yarn Cosmetics Cosmetic products are personal care products used to enhance or alter the appearance of the face, body, or hair. They can be applied topically and come in various forms, such as creams, lotions, powders, gels, and sprays. Common types of cosmetic products include makeup, skincare products, hair care products, fragrances, and personal hygiene products. Cosmetic products are widely used by people of all ages and genders and can serve different purposes, such as improving skin hydration, protecting from UV radiation, or covering imperfections. They can be produced by various manufacturers, ranging from small artisanal producers to large multinational corporations. Here is a list of cosmetics made with oil and petroleum products: Bath salts Blush Body lotion Body wash Conditioner Contact lenses Deodarants Eyeliner Face masks Hair Coloring Hair dye Hair spray Hand Lotion Lip balm Lip gloss Lipstick Mascara Moisturizer Nail Polish Perfumes Shampoo Shaving Cream Sunscreen Tanning lotions Toothpaste Detergents & Cleaning Products Detergents and cleaning products are household and industrial chemicals used for cleaning, disinfecting, and removing dirt, stains, and odors from various surfaces and materials. They come in various forms, such as powders, liquids, sprays, and wipes, and can be formulated for specific purposes, such as laundry detergents, dishwashing liquids, surface cleaners, and bathroom cleaners. Detergents and cleaning products are typically composed of a mixture of surfactants, enzymes, builders, and other ingredients that help to loosen and remove dirt and stains. Some cleaning products also contain disinfectants, such as bleach or alcohol, to kill bacteria and viruses. Here is a list of detergents and cleaning products made with oil and petroleum products: Air freshener All-purpose cleaner Bleach Detergent for laundry and dishwashing Disenfectant Dish Soap Drain cleaner Fabric softener Furniture polish Hand soap Oven cleaner Window cleaner Electrical Equipment Electrical equipment refers to any device or appliance that uses electricity to perform a specific function or task. This includes a wide range of products, from small household appliances, such as toasters and hair dryers, to large industrial machinery, such as generators and transformers. Electrical equipment may include various components, such as circuit boards, motors, and sensors. The use of electrical equipment has revolutionized many aspects of modern life, from communication and transportation to manufacturing and healthcare. However, the production and use of electrical equipment can also have environmental and health impacts, such as energy consumption, electronic waste generation, and exposure to electromagnetic fields. Here is a list of electrical equipment made with oil and petroleum products: Cable insulation Cable ties Capacitors Circuit Boards Circuit breakers Electrical tape Insulating varnish Insulation Light Bulbs Switchgear Terminal blocks Transformers Wiring Food Additives Food additives are substances added to food during production or processing to improve its appearance, taste, texture, and shelf life. They can be natural or synthetic and include a wide range of substances, such as preservatives, flavor enhancers, coloring agents, and stabilizers. Food additives play an important role in modern food production, allowing for the creation of a wider variety of foods that are more convenient, flavorful, and visually appealing. However, concerns have been raised about the safety and health impacts of some food additives, particularly synthetic ones, and their potential to cause allergic reactions or other adverse effects. Here is a list of food additives made with oil and petroleum products: Antioxidants Artificial sweeteners Citric acid Emulsifiers Emulsifying wax Enzymes Flavors Food colorings Guar gum Preservatives Stabilizers Xanthan gum Fuel Fuel is a substance that is burned to provide energy, typically for transportation, heating, or power generation. It can be in the form of a solid, liquid, or gas, and is typically made from fossil fuels, such as oil, coal, and natural gas, or renewable sources, such as biomass and biofuels. Fuels are used in various applications, from powering cars and trucks to heating homes and generating electricity. The choice of fuel depends on factors such as availability, cost, efficiency, and environmental impact. Here is a list of fuels made with oil and petroleum products: Asphaltene Aviation gasoline Bunker fuel Butane Diesel Ethanol Fuel oil Gasoline Hydraulic oil Jet fuel Kerosene Lubricating grease Methanol Motor oil Paraffin wax Pentane Petroleum jelly Propane Racing fuel Inks Inks are a type of liquid or paste used for writing, printing, or drawing on various surfaces, such as paper, fabric, or plastic. They are typically composed of pigments, binders, and solvents, and may include other additives to improve their properties, such as drying time and color intensity. Inks come in various forms and colors, and are used for a wide range of applications, from printing newspapers and books to creating artworks and tattoos. The type of ink used depends on the intended application, and may require special formulations, such as UV-resistant or waterproof inks. Here is a list of inks made with oil and petroleum products: Carbon paper Flexographic ink Fountain pen ink Inkjet cartridges Marker pens Printer ink Screen printing ink Security ink Sublimation ink Tattoo Ink UV-curable ink Lubricants Lubricants are substances used to reduce friction and wear between two surfaces in motion. They are typically liquids or greases made from a variety of materials, including mineral oils, synthetic oils, and vegetable oils. Lubricants work by forming a protective film between the moving surfaces, reducing friction and preventing damage from heat and wear. Lubricants have a wide range of applications, from automotive engines and industrial machinery to household appliances and medical devices. They can also be used for other purposes, such as cooling and cleaning. The choice of lubricant depends on various factors, such as the type of equipment, the operating conditions, and the desired performance characteristics. Here is a list of lubricants made with oil and petroleum products: Bearing oil Compressor oil Cutting fluid Gear oil Grease Heat transfer oil Hydraulic fluid Hydraulic oil Motor oil Railroad lubricants Transformer oil Transmission fluid Turbine oil Medical Equipment & Supplies Medical equipment and supplies are devices, instruments, and tools used in the diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring of medical conditions. They can range from simple devices such as thermometers and stethoscopes, to complex machines such as MRI scanners and surgical robots. Medical supplies can include items such as bandages, syringes, and surgical gloves. Medical equipment and supplies play a critical role in modern healthcare, enabling medical professionals to provide effective and efficient care to patients. The choice of equipment and supplies depends on various factors, such as the type of medical condition, the location and resources of the healthcare facility, and the patient's individual needs. Here is a list of medical equipment and supplies made with oil and petroleum products: Artificial limbs Catheters CT scanners Diagnostic equipment Dialysis machines Heart valves Hospital beds IV bags Medical Gloves MRI Machines Nasal cannulas Oxygen masks Sterilization pouches Surgical masks Syringes Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) refers to equipment designed to protect workers from potential hazards that may cause injury or illness in the workplace. PPE includes items such as safety glasses, gloves, helmets, respirators, and full-body suits. PPE is used in a variety of industries, including construction, manufacturing, healthcare, and emergency services. PPE is used to protect workers from a variety of hazards, including physical, chemical, biological, and radiological hazards. The use of PPE is often required by law or regulations, and employers are responsible for providing and maintaining appropriate PPE for their workers. Here is a list of personal protective equipment made with oil and petroleum products: Aprons Earplugs Face shields Gowns Hard Hats Hazmat suits Protective gloves Respirators Safety Glasses Safety goggles Safety harnesses Safety helmets Safety shoes Pharmaceuticals Pharmaceuticals are drugs and medications used to prevent, treat, or cure medical conditions. They are typically produced through a complex process of research, development, and testing, and are subject to strict regulatory requirements to ensure their safety, efficacy, and quality. Pharmaceuticals can be classified based on their mode of action, chemical structure, and therapeutic use. Pharmaceuticals have revolutionized modern medicine, enabling the treatment of a wide range of medical conditions, from infectious diseases to chronic illnesses such as cancer and diabetes. They can be administered in various forms, including pills, capsules, injectables, and topical creams. Here is a list of pharmaceuticals made with oil and petroleum products: Antibacterial creams Antibiotics Antifungal medication Antihistamines Antiobiotic ointments Antiviral drugs Aspirin Birth control pills Chemotherapy drugs Cough Syrup Inhalers Insulin Pain relievers Prescription drugs Prescription painkillers Supplements Vaseline Vitamins Paints & Coatings Paints and coatings are liquid or solid substances that are applied to a surface to protect, decorate, or enhance its appearance. They are made up of a mixture of ingredients, including pigments, binders, solvents, and additives, which determine their properties such as color, durability, and texture. Paints and coatings have a wide range of applications, from architectural and automotive coatings to industrial coatings and marine paints. They can be applied to various surfaces such as wood, metal, concrete, and plastic. Here is a list of paints and coatings made with oil and petroleum products: Anti-corrosion coatings Automotive Paint Epoxy coatings Fire retardant coatings High-temperature coatings House Paint Industrial Coatings Interior and exterior paints Marine antifouling paint Marine Coatings Powder coatings Traffic paint Varnish Wood stain Plastics Plastics are synthetic materials made from polymers, which are long chains of molecules. They can be molded into various shapes and forms through processes such as injection molding and extrusion. Plastics can be classified into different types based on their chemical structure and properties. Plastics have a wide range of applications, from packaging materials and household items to automotive parts and electronics. They are popular due to their versatility, durability, and low cost. Here is a list of plastics made with oil and petroleum products: Automotive Parts Bottles for beverages, shampoo, and cleaning products Bubble wrap Food containers Furniture Laptops Pens and pencils Pipes Plastic bags Plastic cutlery Plastic wrap Plastic wrap for food Styrofoam Synthetic leather Synthetic turf Toys Water bottles Rubber Products Rubber products are items made from natural or synthetic rubber materials. They are known for their elasticity, resilience, and durability, and can be molded into various shapes and forms through processes such as compression molding and injection molding. Rubber products have a wide range of applications, from automotive and industrial products to consumer goods and medical devices. They can be found in products such as tires, gaskets, seals, hoses, gloves, and footwear. Here is a list of rubber products made with oil and petroleum products: Exercise balls Gaskets Hoses Rubber bands Rubber boots Rubberized coatings Rubberized fabric Rubberized flooring Rubberized paint Rubberized tarps Seals Tires Weatherstripping Synthetic Fibers Synthetic fibers are man-made fibers produced from chemical substances. They are designed to mimic the properties of natural fibers such as cotton, silk, and wool, but with improved performance characteristics such as strength, durability, and resistance to moisture and chemicals. The most common types of synthetic fibers include polyester, nylon, acrylic, and polypropylene. These fibers are widely used in clothing, upholstery, carpets, and industrial applications such as ropes and hoses. Here is a list of synthetic fibers made with oil and petroleum products: Acrylic Athletic socks Backpacks Blankets Carpet Carpets Clothing Curtains Fleece Leggings Microfiber towels Nylon Polyester Polyester fleece blankets Rayon Sleeping bags Spandex Swimwear Tents Umbrellas Upholstery Yoga pants Synthetic Rubber Synthetic rubber is a man-made elastomer material that has properties similar to natural rubber but is produced using chemical processes rather than from the sap of rubber trees. It is typically made from petroleum-based feedstocks, including styrene, butadiene, and isoprene, and can be synthesized through processes such as polymerization and copolymerization. Synthetic rubber has a wide range of applications, including in the production of tires, hoses, belts, and seals. It is known for its durability, resilience, and resistance to abrasion, heat, and chemicals. Here is a list of synthetic rubber made with oil and petroleum products: Athletic Shoes Automotive belts Conveyor belts Exercise mats Garden hoses Rubber expansion joints Rubber roofing Rubberized insulation Seals for aircraft Synthetic leather upholstery Wax Waxes are a diverse group of organic compounds that are solid at room temperature but melt at relatively low temperatures. They are composed of long-chain hydrocarbons and typically have a crystalline or amorphous structure. Waxes have a wide range of applications, including in the production of candles, polishes, coatings, and cosmetics. They are known for their water-repellent, protective, and adhesive properties. They can also be used as a lubricant and as a component in printing inks and adhesives. Here is a list of waxes made with oil and petroleum products: Beeswax candles Candles Chewing Gum Crayons Depilatory wax Floor Wax Furniture Polish Ski Wax Wax paper Wax seals